Dental caries is prevent problem, not only Mongolia, but also world wide. According to World Health Organization’s report in 1976 the mean DMFT of 12 years old of Mongolian children was 1.48 and in 1990 was 2.6. According to Mongolian research studies, the prevalence of caries and mean DMFT children within the age range of 3-17 years old was 79.2% and 3.88 and in 3-5 years old children were 4.9 correspondingly. Several investigators have reported increasing caries rate among Mongolian children, especially those living in cities. The aim of this study to access dental caries status among preschool, children of Ulaanbaatar city, Mongolia.The study covered 294 preschool children who were 3 - 5 years randomly selected from 2 kindergartens of Ulaanbaatar city. Design: Cross – sectional study, oral epidemiological survey based on World Нealth Organization methodology clinical examination.The caries prevalence of all preschool children was 85%. The caries prevalence in 3 years old children was 75.6%, in 4 years old, it was 85.78% in 5 years old, it was 93.8%. The caries prevalence was high among 5 years old children. The mean dmft score was 6.2±0.2 all children.Only 15% of the children were caries free. The caries prevalence of the preschool children was 85%, and the mean dmft (decayed, missing, filled tooth) were 6.2±0.2. The dental caries prevalence and mean dmft score among preschool children of Ulaanbaatar city were “VERY HIGH” stage which is determined by criteria World Health Organization.

Oral problems, especially dental caries and insufficient oral hygiene, have been still a concern world-wide sequel to tooth pain, discomfort, loss function and at most the harmful chronic impact of various oral infections, including pulpitis, periapical inflammation, periodontal disease which will due to loss of teeth if patients don’t treat impacted teeth, leading to crowding and malocclusion during and after mixed dentition. Screening of oral diseases should form a part of routine medical care in children. The caries prevalence was 70% and the mean dmft was 2.83 among 5 years old children who lives Khentii province (The national survey of oral health status of children and adults in Mongolia, 2013). The increase of dental caries incidence in low-economic countries is doubtless due to complicated causal web related to the economic, demographic and nutritional transitions, low tradition of oral health care, limited use of fluoride, and lack of oral health services (Peterson, 2003; Peterson et al., 2005; Sheiham, 1984). To assess caries prevalence and intensity among 7 years old children who were born in 2010. To calculate volume of treatment materials and costs after we determine such dental diseases as caries, pulpitis, periapical inflammation. This cross-sectional study included the 238 of 254 (116 girls, 122 boys) children who live in peri-urban area, Khentii province, and study first grade of Laboratory First school because our survey’s long term purpose was that we would treat all children who participated in this research. Two experienced dentists collected clinical oral health data. An intra-oral examination was conducted to assess dental caries in deciduous and permanent dentition. Dental caries prevalence evaluated using standard WHO oral survey methods. The prevalence of caries in the examined population was 83.61%. Caries intensity (dmft) was 4.84. The untreated caries index was 4.41. The counts of male participants were healthier than girl in category which is dmft index equals 0. But males had higher level of caries than females. The 18 first molars were impacted of caries. The 665 first molars were healthy. Even though we didn’t assess the malocclusion, which is anterior crowding of teeth, was observed almost all children. The high value of caries index was determined that indicate dental care and treatment for this age of children is not well provided. It is necessary to upgrade knowledge about oral health for both children and parents and caregivers and teaching constantly right way of tooth brushing methods. Then define whether they have habit that are brushing and flossing, children and parents don’t follow guidance. Dentists should train school doctors and health education teachers who contact to children closer than professional experts. In addition, to increase parental awareness of need for deciduous teeth treatment and for regular assessment of the status of newly erupted permanent teeth. This study can be translated into delivery of dental services to the community is essential.

Background: Oral candidiasis, which is one of the most common diseases of the mucous membrane, is carried in the mouth of about 17-75% of healthy population. And 51-74% of this healthy population is asymptomatic. However, oral candidiasis is found in 50-65% of the individuals with dentures, is found in 67% of elders over 75 years old and is found in 85% of the patients with oral cancer. The most common causative organism is C.albicans with 43.7%, less commonly C.glabrata and C.tropicalis. According to some researches, the occurrence of the oral candidiasis has been increasing continuously for last 20-30 years, and has strong tendency to consistently increase for the 21st century. Methods: Total 50 patients were participated in this study, including; the patients with full denture from Department of Prosthodontics of The Dental Center of Ulaanbaatar, and patients with evident symptoms of candidiasis from Department of Neck and Head Surgery and Department of Radiation Therapy of National Cancer Center of Mongolia. The study was carried out by descriptive study type, based on the patients’ questionnaire survey, physical examination and laboratory tests. Results: The oral candidiasis causing pathogen Candida was found in 100% of following patients including; the patients with full denture and the patients having head and neck radiation therapy. For the patients with full denture, Candida albicans was the most commonly implicated organism with 53%, Candida tropicalis 21% and Candida krusei 11%. For the patients with radiation therapy for head and neck cancer, most common pathogen was Candida albicans with 64% and Candida tropicalis with 7%. Conclusions Main causative pathogens for the patients with full denture are C.albicans (53%), С.tropicalis (21%), and for the patients with radiotherapy for head and neck cancer is C. albicans (64%). 95% of the participants who were diagnosed with oral candidiasis were resistant to Colistin and 100% sensitive to Nystatin and Miconazole.

Hepatitis B (HBV) and C (HCV) are viral infections which can cause acute and chronic hepatitis and are the leading causes for hepatic cirrhosis and cancer, thus creating a significant burden to healthcare systems due to the high morbidity/mortality and costs of treatment. The risk of HBV infection in an unvaccinated person from a single HBV-infected needle stick injury ranges from 6–30. The prevention of HBV infection among HCWs has become a crucial issue. HBV can effectively be prevented by vaccination. A safe and effective HBV vaccine has been available since the 1980s and can prevent acute and chronic infection with an estimated effectivity of 95%. In 2017, the São Paulo Declaration on Hepatitis was launched at the World Hepatitis Summit 2017, calling upon governments to include hepatitis B vaccines for HCWs in national immunization programs. The vaccine is 95% effective in preventing infection and its chronic consequences and has an outstanding record of safety and effectiveness. Data on current hepatitis B vaccine coverage among HCWs in Mongolia is scarce. According to Azzaya et al, the protection level of the subjects was 67.2% >100 mIU/ml, 18.8%, 11-100 mIU/mL and 14.1%, 0-10 mIU/mL based on antibody titer level respectively among the vaccinated HCWs at the 2nd Central hospital. Thus, the HBV vaccination among public and private sector HCWs in Mongolia to inform the health authorities about the HCWs HBV vaccination status along with associated problems and challenges for further improving vaccination strategy among HCWs.