Health Surveys ; Hospitalization ; Humans ; Incidence ; International Classification of Diseases ; Pneumococcal Infections ; epidemiology ; Singapore ; epidemiology

In the past 3 decades, classical extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs) have probably been the main contributors to gram-negative antimicrobial resistance in Singapore. These appear to be being replaced by the newer CTX-M ESBLs. Metallo-beta-lactamases are found in Pseudomonas aeruginosa but do not seem to have spread widely in Acinetobacter spp. and Enterobacteriaceae. Carbapenem-hydrolysing oxacillinases are prevalent in multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter spp. More insidious developments include the emergence of plasmid AmpC beta-lactamases and multifactorial quinolone resistance in Enterobacteriaceae.
Anti-Bacterial Agents ; pharmacology ; Carbapenems ; pharmacology ; Cephalosporins ; pharmacology ; Drug Resistance, Microbial ; Gram-Negative Bacteria ; drug effects ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; Humans ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Quinolones ; pharmacology ; Singapore ; beta-Lactamases ; genetics

INTRODUCTIONAt the time of the study, 3 plasmid-borne qnr determinants (qnrA, qnrB and qnrS) and 1 plasmid-borne aminoglycoside-modifying enzyme determinant that confers quinolone resistance (aac(6')-Ib-cr) had been described in the literature.

MATERIALS AND METHODSWe studied the prevalence of the 3 qnr determinants in a total of 117 nalidixic acid-resistant urinary isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae (61 isolates) and Escherichia coli (56 isolates) using multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Further, a subset of the original strains (comprising 14 E. coli and 38 K. pneumoniae) showing reduced susceptibility to the aminoglycosides underwent PCR for aac(6')-Ib, followed by restriction digestion with BtsCI to detect the variant aac(6')-Ib-cr.

RESULTSTwenty-eight of 61 (45.9%) Klebsiella isolates were found to possess at least 1 qnr determinant. Only 1/56 (1.8%) E. coli isolates were found to possess a qnr determinant. Two of the Klebsiella isolates possessed 2 qnr determinants each (qnrB and qnrS). The predominant determinant was qnrB (19 isolates). There were 11 isolates harbouring qnrS, and only 1 with qnrA. 1/14 (7.1%) E. coli and 35/38 K. pneumoniae (92.1%) were found to possess aac(6')-Ib-cr. There was pairwise association between each of qnr, aac(6')-Ib-cr and the presence of an extended-spectrum beta-lactamase.

CONCLUSIONSA high prevalence of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance determinants [i.e., qnrS, qnrB and aac(6')-Ib-cr] was found in quinolone-resistant K. pneumoniae isolated in a large hospital in Singapore.

Drug Resistance, Bacterial ; Escherichia coli ; drug effects ; isolation & purification ; Hospitals ; Humans ; Klebsiella pneumoniae ; drug effects ; isolation & purification ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Quinolones ; pharmacology ; R Factors ; Singapore ; Urine ; microbiology

Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Anti-Bacterial Agents ; pharmacology ; Ceftriaxone ; pharmacology ; Child, Preschool ; Drug Resistance, Microbial ; Hospitals, Public ; Humans ; Infant ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Middle Aged ; Salmonella ; classification ; drug effects ; isolation & purification ; Salmonella Infections ; drug therapy ; microbiology ; Singapore ; beta-Lactamases ; genetics ; isolation & purification

Community associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) subtype USA300 remains relatively well confined within North American shores. Between August and November 2010, a large international school in Singapore recorded 27 skin and soft tissue infections, 8 of which were confirmed USA 300. This study reports the outbreak investigation and the interventions instituted.
Community-Acquired Infections ; Disease Outbreaks ; Humans ; Methicillin ; Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus ; Singapore ; Staphylococcal Infections ; epidemiology ; Staphylococcal Skin Infections

Clinical Laboratory Techniques ; Coronavirus Infections ; diagnosis ; Hospitals, General ; Humans ; Pandemics ; Pneumonia, Viral ; diagnosis ; Singapore ; Virology ; methods

INTRODUCTIONUntil recently, vancomycin-resistant enterococcus (VRE) infection or colonisation was a rare occurrence in Singapore. The first major VRE outbreak involving a 1500-bed tertiary care institution in March 2005 presented major challenges in infection control and came at high costs. This study evaluates the predictors of VRE carriage based on patients' clinical and demographic profiles.

MATERIALS AND METHODSStudy patients were selected from the hospital inpatient census population during the VRE outbreak (aged 16 years or more). Clinical information from 84 cases and 377 controls were analysed.

RESULTSSignificant predictors of VRE carriage included: age>65 years Odds ratio (OR), 1.98; 95% CI (confidence interval), 1.14 to 3.43); female gender (OR, 2.15; 95% CI, 1.27 to 3.65); history of diabetes mellitus (OR, 1.94; 95% CI, 1.14 to 3.30), and staying in a crowded communal ward (OR, 2.75; 95% CI, 1.60 to 4.74). Each additional day of recent hospital stay also posed increased risk (OR, 1.03; 95% CI, 1.01 to 1.04).

CONCLUSIONElderly diabetic females with prolonged hospitalisation in crowded communal wards formed the profile that significantly predicted VRE carriage in this major hospital-wide outbreak of VRE in Singapore. It is imperative that active VRE surveillance and appropriate infection control measures be maintained in these wards to prevent future VRE outbreaks.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Case-Control Studies ; Cross Infection ; drug therapy ; epidemiology ; microbiology ; Disease Outbreaks ; Enterococcus ; drug effects ; Enterococcus faecalis ; isolation & purification ; Enterococcus faecium ; isolation & purification ; Female ; Humans ; Infection Control ; Male ; Medical Audit ; Middle Aged ; Risk Factors ; Singapore ; epidemiology ; Streptococcal Infections ; drug therapy ; epidemiology ; Vancomycin ; pharmacology ; therapeutic use ; Vancomycin Resistance

INTRODUCTIONVancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) have emerged as one of the major nosocomial antimicrobial-resistant pathogens globally. In this article, we describe the epidemiology of VRE in Singaporean public hospitals in the 5 years following the major local VRE outbreak in 2005.

MATERIALS AND METHODSA passive laboratory surveillance programme identified non-duplicate VRE isolates from 7 hospitals from 2006 to 2010. Descriptive statistics and time-series analysis was performed on all clinical VRE isolates for each individual hospital as well as for the combined dataset.

RESULTSThere were a total of 418 VRE isolates over 5 years, of which 102 isolates (24.4%) were from clinical cultures. Between 0.4% and 0.7% of all clinical enterococcal isolates were resistant to vancomycin. The overall incidence-density of VRE did not change over time in Singapore despite 2 separate outbreaks in tertiary hospitals in 2009 and 2010. Incidence-density of clinical VRE cases fell in 2 secondary hospitals, while another 2 hospitals experienced no significant VRE infections after 2008.

CONCLUSIONThe prevalence of VRE clinical isolates remains low in Singaporean public sector hospitals. However, the presence of at least 2 outbreaks in separate hospitals over the past 5 years indicates the need for continued vigilance in order to prevent any further increase in VRE prevalence locally.

Anti-Bacterial Agents ; pharmacology ; Cross Infection ; epidemiology ; Enterococcus ; drug effects ; isolation & purification ; Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections ; drug therapy ; Hospitals, Public ; Humans ; Population Surveillance ; Singapore ; epidemiology ; Vancomycin ; therapeutic use ; Vancomycin Resistance ; drug effects

INTRODUCTIONAntibiotic resistance in gram-negative bacilli is an area of increasing importance. This prospective study was performed to survey antibiotic resistance in Escherichia coli (E. coli), Klebsiella spp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter spp. over a 1-year period.

MATERIALS AND METHODSNon-duplicate isolates of E. coli, Klebsiella spp., P. aeruginosa and Acinetobacter spp. were collected from participating Singapore hospitals during defined collection periods in 2006 and 2007. Confirmatory identification and antibiotic susceptibility testing were performed at Changi General Hospital. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) to a defined panel of antibiotics were determined using microbroth dilution methods. The presence of extended-spectrum beta lactamases and AmpC beta-lactamases in Enterobacteriaceae was determined by phenotypic methods, and susceptibility results were defined using current breakpoints from the Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI).

RESULTSSeven hundred and forty-six gram-negative bacilli were received for testing. Resistance to extended-spectrum cephalosporins was present in a third of Enterobacteriaceae isolates, and extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBL) carriage was present in 19.6% and 30.1% of E. coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae, respectively. AmpC enzymes were also detected in 8.5% and 5.6% of E. coli and K. pneumoniae isolates respectively. All Enterobacteriaceae were susceptible to imipenem and meropenem. The most active antibiotics against P. aeruginosa were amikacin, meropenem and piperacillin-tazobactam. A third of P. aeruginosa showed reduced susceptibility to polymyxin B. Carbapenem resistance was significantly higher in Acinetobacter baumannii (70.5%) than in other Acinetobacter species (25.0%). The most active antibiotic against A. baumannii was polymyxin B.

CONCLUSIONAntibiotic resistance is prevalent in gram-negative bacilli isolated from Singapore hospitals. The MIC testing surveillance programme complemented susceptibility data from wider laboratory-based surveillance, and has revealed emerging mechanisms of antibiotic resistance.

Acinetobacter Infections ; drug therapy ; Acinetobacter baumannii ; drug effects ; isolation & purification ; Anti-Bacterial Agents ; pharmacology ; therapeutic use ; Bacterial Proteins ; Drug Resistance, Bacterial ; Escherichia coli ; drug effects ; enzymology ; Hospitals ; Humans ; Klebsiella Infections ; drug therapy ; Klebsiella pneumoniae ; drug effects ; enzymology ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Prospective Studies ; Pseudomonas aeruginosa ; drug effects ; isolation & purification ; Singapore ; beta-Lactamases