The authors examined the effect and concentration dependency of bromocriptine on the inhibition of axial length elongation in the experimentally induced myopic chicken. Two day-old white Leghorn chicken was monocularly deprived of form vision by lid suture. We measured the axial length of chicken's eye by ultrasonography at 2 day, 2 week, 4 week, and 6 week following repeated ophthalmic dosing beginning at 2 day. The first group was instilled with 0.1 cc of Tris buffer solution, whereas the second, third, and fourth groups were instilled with 0.1cc of 0.01 %, 0.02%, 0.04% bromocriptine solution respectively. All solutions were instilled twice daily for 6 weeks. In the inhibition of axial length elongation, the third group (0.02% bromocriptine) was most effective at 2 week (p<0.05), whereas the second group (0.01% bromocriptine) was most effective at 4 and 6 week (p<0.05). In summary, the axial length elongation of eyeball was effectively retarded by bromocriptine with the best efficacy at 0.02% in short-term dosing while at 0.01% in long-term dosing.
Bromocriptine* ; Chickens* ; Sutures ; Tromethamine ; Ultrasonography

BACKGROUND: In spite of frequent nasal surgery, the importance of preoperative medication has not been examined carefully(CAREFULLY). OBJECTIVE: To identify the effect of premedication, we investigated the effect of premedication on postoperative pain in nasal surgery under local anesthesia. MATERIALS AND METHOD: We studied 120 cases, composed of 60 cases of unilateral sinus surgery and 60 cases of septoplasty. The patients were divided into four groups. We analysed 4 groups each consisted of 30 patients(N=120). The first group consisted of patients who received atropine preoperatively. The second group received atropine and ketolorac tromethamine. The third group received atopine and diazepam. The fourth group received atropine, ketorolac trimethamine and atropine. To evaluate the postoperative pain, we made the protocol listed according to Verbal Rating Pain Scores(VRP), Visual Analogue Pain Scores(VAS), -2, 4, 6, 12, 24 and 48 hours- and a global postoperative pain using the VAS. RESULTS: In septoplasty group, pain-relief effects showed postoperative pain of ketorolac tromethamine during postoperative 6-hours in the second & fourth groups. In sinus surgery group, Ketorolac tromethamine was effective on postoperative pain at postoperative 2-hour. CONCLUSION: We concluded that preoperative ketorolac tromethamine was effctive on septoplasty group than sinus surgery group.
Anesthesia, Local ; Atropine ; Diazepam ; Humans ; Ketorolac ; Ketorolac Tromethamine ; Nasal Surgical Procedures* ; Pain, Postoperative* ; Premedication* ; Tromethamine

Today's orthodontic treatment goals lie in functional esthetics, and the importance of the latter is increasing gradually in trend. Considering such, study on growth and development of soft as well as hard tissues becomes inevitable. Early studies emphasize mainly plays a critical role in determining data. However, more recent studies report that maxillofacial soft tissue, which plays a critical role in determining facial eathetics, is influenced by underlying hard tissue, and yet close relationship between them was not noticed. Cephalometric x-rays were taken of 137 Korean boys and 106 girls with no systemic disease, fair developmental status and normal occlusion for two consecutive years; afterwards, soft tissue analysiss, which was divided into four parts, facial form, lip position & posture, nose, and thickness, was done to correlate tham with general growth.
Child* ; Esthetics ; Female ; Growth and Development* ; Humans ; Lip ; Nose ; Posture ; Tromethamine

PURPOSE: An adequate pain control is one of important factors for obtaining good outcomes in the ambulatory basis of hemorrhoidectomy. There have been many methods for pain control after hemorrhoidectomy such as narcotics, various kinds of analgesics, etc. The aim of this study is to compare intraoperative internal anal sphincter injection of Ketorolac tromethamine and other two conventional methods for pain control. METHODS: A total of 56 patients with hemorrhoid grade III or IV underwent surgery between May and October 1999, and prospectively assigned to three groups in the consecutive order. The group was divided in Group 1: [Ketorolac tromethamine (Tarasyn) 60 mg intrasphincteric injection intraoperatively and 30 mg IM/prn?10 mg po/6hrs], Group 2: [No intraoperative injection and maintain pain control with Tarasyn 30 mg IM/prn/10 mg po/6hrs], and Group 3: [No intraoperative injection and maintain pain control with Pethidine (Demerol) 50 mg IM/prn and Ibuprofen 400 mg/Paracetamol 500 mg/Codeine 20 mg (Myprodol) po/8hrs]. The post operative data and pain scoring was performed on the questionnaire with Point box scale (BS-11) and Behavioral rating scale (BRS-6) each 24 hours during 5 days after surgery. RESULTS: There are 22 patients in the Group 1, 16 in the Group 2 and 18 patients in the Group 3. The median age of the Group 1 is 42.5, Group 2, 44.5 and Group 3, 45 years. The pain score on the first day after surgery in group 1 was significantly lower than group 2 (p<0.05) in the both pain scoring scale but was no differences between group 1 and 3. On the fifth day after surgery group 3 was significantly lower than both group 1 and 2 in the point box scale (p<0.05). The urinary retention rate and the day of first bowel movement after surgery show no differences among three groups (p>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Intraoperative internal anal sphincter injection of Ketorolac tromethamine shows a better pain control than conventional methods in early postoperative period. Therefore it might be helpful for patients to go home on the day after surgery, and strong pain killer to control pain after discharge will be needed.
Anal Canal* ; Analgesics ; Hemorrhoidectomy* ; Hemorrhoids ; Humans ; Ibuprofen ; Ketorolac Tromethamine* ; Ketorolac* ; Meperidine ; Narcotics ; Postoperative Period ; Prospective Studies ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Tromethamine ; Urinary Retention

We evaluated the performance of activities of daily living by using Barthel ADL index and the factors affecting the quality of life were also analyzed in 82 survivors who suffered from single cerebral infarction in MCA territory and followed for more tham 3 months. The results were as follows: 1. Among the patients, 56(68.3%) patients regained functional indepeadency.but they were not necessarily normal or socially independent. 2. They improved markedly in first 4 weeks after onset of the stroke. 3. Functional recovery in the left hemiplegic patients was better than the right, but there was no difference in functional recovery related to sex and etiologic factors. 4. There was no correlation between age and ADL score 5. The major determinants for long term quality of life were the initial neurologic signs and the size of infarcted area demonstrated by Computed Tomography.
Activities of Daily Living* ; Cerebral Infarction ; Humans ; Neurologic Manifestations ; Quality of Life ; Stroke* ; Survivors ; Tromethamine

PURPOSE: To present the T1 and T2 relaxation times of the major cerebral metabolites at 1.5T and 3.0T and compare those between 1.5T and 3.0T. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Using the phantom containing N-acetyl aspartate (NAA), Choline (Cho), and Creatine (Cr) at both 1.5T and 3.0T MRI, the T1 relaxation times were calculated from the spectral data obtained with 5000 ms repetition time (TR), 20 ms echo time (TE), and 11 different mixing time (TM)s using STEAM (STimulated Echo-Acquisition Mode) method. The T2 relaxation times were obtained from the spectral data obtained with 3000 ms TR and 5 different TEs using PRESS (Point-RESolved Spectroscopy) method. The T1 and T2 relaxation times obtained at 1.5T were compared with those of 3.0T. RESULTS: The T1 relaxation times of NAA were 2293 +/- 48 ms at 1.5T and 2559 +/- 124 ms at 3.0T (11.6% increase at 3.0T). The T1 relaxation times of Cho were 2540 +/- 57 ms at 1.5T and 2644 +/- 76 ms at 3.0T (4.1% increase at 3.0T). The T1 relaxation times of Cr were 2543 +/- 75 ms at 1.5T and 2665 +/- 94 ms at 3.0T (4.8% increase). The T2 relaxation times of NAA were 526 +/- 81 ms at 1.5T and 468 +/- 74 ms at 3.0T (11.0% decrease at 3.0T). The T2 relaxation times of Cho were 220 +/- 44ms at 1.5T and 182 +/- 35 ms at 3.0T (17.3% decrease at 3.0T). The T2 relaxation times of Cr were 289 +/- 47 ms at 1.5T and 275 +/- 57 ms at 3.0T (4.8% decrease at 3.0T). CONCLUSION: The T1 relaxation times of the major cerebral metabolites (NAA, Cr, Cho), which were measured at the phantom, were 4.1%-11.6% longer at 3.0T than at 1.5T. The T2 relaxation times of them were 4.8%-17.3% shorter at 3.0T than at 1.5T. To optimize MR spectroscopy at 3.0T, TR should be lengthened and TE should be shortened.
Aspartic Acid ; Choline ; Creatine ; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy ; Protons ; Relaxation ; Steam ; Tromethamine

The authors compared the intraocular pressure(IOP) after excimer laser photorefractive keratectomy(PRK) and laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis(LASIK) and examined the factors that affected the intraocular pressure following the surgery. One hundred twenty-three patients(184 eyes) park of the cornea with microkeratome(SCMD, USA) and STAR laser(VISX, USA)and 55 patients*76 eyues) who underwent PRK with the sam laser were examied retrospectively. The IOP was meaured in the central part of the cornea with non contact tommeter(NCT, Topcon CT-20, Japan) at 7 day, 2, 6, and 12 months after PRK and LSSIK. the patiehts were divided into two groups: PRK group and LASIK group. There was no difference bvwtween the proparative IOPs in the two groups(0.11). Each IOP measure 7 days, 2, 6, and 12 months after PRK and LASIK was significantly lower than that measured before operation(P<0.05). The IOP measured 7 days after PRK or LASIK was significantly lower tham that measured 2.6. and 12 months after PRK or LASIK and , respectively (P<0.05). There were no difference among the IOPs measured 2,6, and 12 month after PRK or LASIK, respectively(P<0.05). The postoperative Change of IOP between PRK and LASIK was significant at 2, 6, and 12 months(P<0.05) except 7 days after surgery(p=0.066). The difference between the properative IOP and the IOP at 6 months after the surgery had the low correlation with the changes of the spherical equivalents and keratomertry readings and total ablation depth in both groups. In conclusion, the decrease of IOP after LASIK was severer than that after PRK and so the IOP measurement is ought to be interpreted carefully after LASIK.
Cornea ; Intraocular Pressure* ; Keratomileusis, Laser In Situ* ; Lasers, Excimer ; Reading ; Retrospective Studies ; Tromethamine

BACKGROUND: In patient-controlled analgesia (PCA), ketorolac tromethamine has been mixed with nalbuphine HCL in the same PCA balloon or syringe. The compatibility of mixed drugs is an important factor in determining the effects of the administered drugs, so we examined the compatibility of the mixed solution of the both drugs in various dilutions. METHODS: Ketorolac tromethamine (K1, 3, 7, 19 group; n = 10/group) or nalbuphine HCl (N1, 3, 7, 19 group; n = 10/group) was diluted 1: 1, 3, 7, or 19 with normal saline and then the other drug was added. The presence of precipitates, turbidity by visual and spectrophotometric methods, and the pH of the mixed solutions were evaluated 0, 1, 6, 12 and 24 hours later. RESULTS: Precipitates were observed in all studied solutions except in solutions of nalbuphine HCl diluted 1 : 19 with normal saline plus ketorolac tromethamine at the observed intervals. Turbid changes were observed in N1, 3, K1, 3, and 7, but significantly decreased from 6 hours after mixing. The pH of the K groups were significantly lower than those of the N groups. CONCLUSIONS: The mixed solutions of ketorolac tromethamine with nalbuphine HCl were visually incompatible in almost all studied cases, so careful considerations are needed in mixing ketorolac tromethamine with nalbuphine HCl.
Analgesia, Patient-Controlled ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Ketorolac Tromethamine* ; Ketorolac* ; Nalbuphine* ; Passive Cutaneous Anaphylaxis ; Syringes

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Pain control is one of the most important factors for the patients that underwent the snoring surgery. This study was performed to investigate the effectiveness of intravenous patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) for postoperative pain control after tonsillectomy with laser resection of palatopharynx. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this double-blind randomized study, 44 patient were randomly allocated to 2 groups. In the PCA group comprising 32 patients, fentanyl citrate, ketorolac tromethamine and zofran in normal saline solution were administered by PCA equipment. In the control group comprising 12 patients, normal saline solution was given without analgesic drug by PCA equipment. Visual analogue pain score (VAS) was recorded right after surgery and 2, 4, 6, 12, 18, and 24 hours after surgery and satisfaction score was recorded just before discharge from the hospital. RESULTS: VAS was significantly higher in the control group of all time points. Overall satisfaction score was also higher in PCA group than control group. CONCLUSION: The results of this study suggest that intravenous PCA is an effective method for postoperative pain control after tonsillectomy with laser resection of palatopharynx.
Analgesia, Patient-Controlled* ; Fentanyl ; Humans ; Ketorolac Tromethamine ; Ondansetron ; Pain, Postoperative ; Passive Cutaneous Anaphylaxis ; Snoring ; Sodium Chloride ; Tonsillectomy*

PURPOSE: A laparoscopic adrenalectomy has become the treatment of choice for an adrenal mass. However, there have been few reports on retroperitoneal laparoscopic adrenalectomies (RLA) in Korea. The results of retroperitoneal laparoscopic adrenalectomies were compared with those of a transperitoneal approach to evaluate efficacy of the former approach. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between September 1999 and August 2006, 28 consecutive patients, with surgical adrenal disease, underwent a laparoscopic adrenalectomy via either a retroperitoneal (RLA, n=18) or transperitoneal approach (TLA, n=10). The groups were matched for age (years, p=0.79) and body mass index (kg/m2, p=0.53). The mean tumor sizes were 4.2 (1.6-7.5) and 3.9cm (2.2-7.0) in RLA and TLA groups, respectively (p= 0.90). RESULTS: A RLA was found to be comparable to a TLA in terms of operative time (115 vs. 128 minutes, p=0.61), estimated blood loss (217 vs. 191cc, p=0.92), hospital stay (5.5 vs. 6.1 days, p=0.45), return to diet (0.4 vs. 0.5 days, p=0.68), time to ambulation (0.6 vs. 1.0 days, p=0.11), analgesic requirements (Ketorolac tromethamine, 110 vs. 88mg, p=0.07), time to drain removal (4.2 vs. 5.1 days, p=0.17) and mean specimen weight (24.7 vs. 17.8 g, p=0.14). One case in each group was converted to open surgery for control of bleeding. CONCLUSIONS: A retroperitoneal laparoscopic adrenalectomy is as safe, minimally invasive and effective as the transperitoneal approach for the treatment of adrenal lesions that require surgery.
Adrenal Glands ; Adrenalectomy* ; Body Mass Index ; Diet ; Hemorrhage ; Humans ; Korea ; Laparoscopy ; Length of Stay ; Operative Time ; Tromethamine ; Walking