Spirometry provides objective information about pulmonary function and assesses the results of therapy. Pulmonary function testes early in the course of COPD reveal only evidence of dysfunction in small airways. Reduction in forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) and in the ratio of forced expiratory volume to forced vital capacity (FEV1, FVC) occurs later. In severe disease, the forced vital capacity is markedly reduced. Lung volume measurements revealed increase in the total lung capacity (TLC), marked increase in the residual volume (VR), and elevation of the VR/TLC ratio, indicative of air trapping, particularly in emphysema
Emphysema ; diagnosis ; physiology ; Pulmonary Ventilation ; asthma

Background: It is important to diagnosis and properly treat patients with diarrhea is having a highly sensitive and specific technique to rapidly identify the caused bacteria, especially Diarrheagenic Escherichia Coli (DEC) isolates. Objectives: To develop and complete the bacterial DNA extraction procedure and optimize the DNA concentration for multiplex PCR for DEC. Materials and method: 7 reference strains of DEC and 10 fecal samples taken randomly were tested using DNA extraction and PCR techniques. Results. A bacterial DNA extraction procedure has been developed and optimized. This is a simple process and does not require expensive equipment. The test result is available after 90 \u2013 100 minutes. The minimum DNA content required for PCR to give positive results is 100ng per reaction. Conclusion: The development and completion of DNA extraction procedure plays an important role in early detection of DEC in fecal samples and serves as a base for further research on diarrheagenic bacteria.
DNA extraction ; PCR ; Escherichia coli

We report a case of appendicitis after endoscopic polypectomy at the appendix orifice that was treated by laparoscopic surgery. In this article, we present a brief introduction to this disease entity and discuss the experiences learned from this case.

We report a case of appendicitis after endoscopic polypectomy at the appendix orifice that was treated by laparoscopic surgery. In this article, we present a brief introduction to this disease entity and discuss the experiences learned from this case.

We report a case of appendicitis after endoscopic polypectomy at the appendix orifice that was treated by laparoscopic surgery. In this article, we present a brief introduction to this disease entity and discuss the experiences learned from this case.