AIMTo know the effect of cysteamine (CS) on the plasma levels of somatostatin (SS) and some metabolic hormones in adult geese.

METHODSFourteen adult crossbred geese (Chuan white x Tai lake) fitted with chronic wing vein cannulas were used in this study to evaluate the effect of CS on SS, TSH, T3 and T4 levels. The experiment was consisted of control and treated phase. The diet was added CS at dosage of 100 mg/kg bw on the first day of the treated phase. The blood samples were collected from the cannulas and analyzed by radioimmunoassay.

RESULTSThe plasma SS concentration was (1.87 +/- 0.10) microg/L in control phase. Whereas SS concentrations on day 1, 3, 5, 7 of treated phase were decreased markedly (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). Thereafter it was rose on the seventh day, however it was still lower than that of control. The thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) content (2.45 +/- 0.31 mIU/L) was significantly decreased by 21.63% (P < 0.01) on day 1, and 18.37% (P > 0.05) on day 3 and day 5. Comparing with control phase (5.41 +/- 0.98 microg/L), T4 contents were elevated by 60.26% (P < 0.01), 43.25% (P < 0.01), 37.15% (P < 0.01) and 16. 82% (P < 0.01) respectively on day 1, 3, 5, 7. T3 level was (1.05 +/- 0.06) microg/L in control phase, whereas the levels was significantly increased by 36.19% (P < 0.01) on day 3. Also, the insulin concentration was higher than that of control (4.43 +/- 0.41 mU/ L) by 18.28% (P < 0.05) on the day 5.

CONCLUSIONThese results indicate that CS can decrease the plasma SS and TSH levels, whereas increase the levels of T4, T3 and insulin, therefore change metabolism, improve the nutrition transform and accelerate the growth in geese.

Animals ; Cysteamine ; pharmacology ; Diet ; Geese ; Insulin ; blood ; Somatostatin ; blood ; Thyrotropin ; blood ; Thyroxine ; blood ; Triiodothyronine ; blood

OBJECTIVETo explore the relationship between maternal milk and serum thyroid hormones in patients with thyroid-related diseases.

METHODSSerum and breast milk samples were collected from 56 breastfeeding mothers. Milk and serum free triiodothyronine (FT3), free thyroxine (FT4), triiodothyronine(T3), thyroxine (T4), and thyrotrophin (TSH) were determined, and T3/T4 was calculated. Using the serum thyroid hormones as the independent variables and milk thyroid hormones as the dependent variables, we performed linear regression analysis.

RESULTSThe milk FT3, FT4, T3, T4, TSH, and T3/T4 were (2.30 ± 0.82) pg/ml ,(0.45 ± 0.26) ng/dl, (0.35 ± 0.20) ng/ml, (2.96 ± 1.55) Μg/dl, (0.12 ± 0.08) ΜU/ml, and 0.12 ± 0.04, respectively. Milk FT3 (r = 0.778, P = 0.000), T3 (r = 0.603, P = 0.000), T4 (r = 0.485, P = 0.004), and TSH (r = 0.605, P = 0.000) concentrations were positively correlated with those in serum.

CONCLUSIONThyroid hormones are present in human milk and are positively correlated with those in serum.

Adult ; Female ; Humans ; Milk, Human ; chemistry ; Thyroid Diseases ; blood ; Thyroid Hormones ; blood ; chemistry ; Thyrotropin ; blood ; chemistry ; Triiodothyronine ; blood ; chemistry

OBJECTIVETo explore the relationship of occupational stressors with the serum levels of triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4), and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH).

METHODSUsing convenience sampling and cluster sampling methods, 225 policemen from a local police station in China were enrolled as subjects. Questionnaires were used to investigate demographic features and occupational stressors in those subjects. The serum levels of T3, T4, and TSH were measured by radioimmunoassay. The SPSS 13.0 software was used to perform t test or analysis of variance, partial correlation analysis, and multivariate non-conditional logistic regression analysis.

RESULTSReward was positively correlated with the level of T3(P<0.05). Daily tension was positively correlated with the level of T4(P<0.05). Psychological demand, effort, and daily tension were negatively correlated with the level of TSH (all P<0.05). The quality of sleep was positively correlated with the level of TSH (P<0.05). The logistic regression analysis revealed that the risk of increase in T3 level in the group with a high score for daily tension was 3.19-fold higher than that in the group with a low score, while the risk of increase in T3 level in the group with a high score for negative emotion was 1.32-fold higher than that in the group with a low score. The risk of increase in TSH level in the group with a high score for negative emotion was 0.43-fold that in the group with a low score.

CONCLUSIONThe occupational stressors are correlated with the serum levels of thyroid hormones. Occupational stress can result in an increase in T3 level and a decrease in TSH level. However, occupational stress has no effect on T4 level.

China ; Humans ; Logistic Models ; Multivariate Analysis ; Police ; Stress, Psychological ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Thyrotropin ; blood ; Thyroxine ; blood ; Triiodothyronine ; blood

This study was to determine the daily fluctuation of serum thyroxine (tT4), free thyroxine (fT4), 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T3) concentrations in healthy dogs. Thyroid function of these dogs was evaluated on the basis of results of TSH response test. Samples for the measurement of serum tT4, fT4, and T3 concentrations were obtained at 3- hour intervals from 8 : 00 to 20 : 00. Serum tT4, fT4, and T3 concentrations were measured by the enzyme chemiluminescent immunoassay (ECLIA). Mean T3 concentrations had no significant differences according to the sample collection time during the day. Mean tT4 and fT4 concentrations at 11 : 00 were 3.28 +/- 0.86 microgram/dl and 1.30 +/- 0.37 ng/dl, respectively and mean tT4 and fT4 at 14:00 were 3.54 +/- 1.15 microgram/dl and 1.35 +/- 0.12 ng/dl, respectively. These concentrations were significantly high compared with tT4 and fT4 concentrations at 8:00, which were 1.75 +/- 0.75 microgram/dl and 0.97 +/- 0.25 ng/dl, respectively (p < 0.05). According to the sample collection time, mean tT4 and fT4 concentrations changed with similar fluctuation during the day. Based on these results, it was considered that measurement of serum tT4 and fT4 concentrations from 11 : 00 to 14 : 00 might more easily diagnose the canine hypothyroidism in practice.
Animals ; Circadian Rhythm/physiology ; Dogs/*blood ; Female ; Immunoenzyme Techniques/veterinary ; Male ; Thyroid Function Tests/veterinary ; Thyroxine/*blood ; Triiodothyronine/*blood

OBJECTIVETo evaluate the results of treatment of infants with congenital hypothyroidism (CH) with a low initial dosage of levothyroxine.

METHODS138 newborns with primary CH detected by neonatal screening were divided into 3 groups according to levels of serum TSH, TT(3) and TT(4): sub-clinical CH (TSH >50 mU/L), mild CH (TT(4) <54 nmol/L), severe CH (TT(4)<54 nmol/L and TT(3)<1.2 nmol/L). The initial dose of levothyroxine was (3.5 +/-1.0) microg/(kg.d) for sub-clinical CH group, (4.3 +/-0.7)microg/(kg.d) for mild CH group and (4.7 +/- 0.6)microg/(kg.d) for severe CH group. Follow-up evaluation was carried out at 1, 2 and 3 months of age by measuring serum levels of TT(3), TT(4) and TSH. The time, when clinical signs and symptoms were eliminated and serum levels of TT(3), TT(4) and TSH normalized, was recorded. Development Quotient (DQ) testing was performed when CH cases were about 2 years old.

RESULTSThe mean initial dose of levothyroxine in 138 cases was (4.3 +/-0.9)microg/(kg.d). In one month the serum TT(3) and TT(4) levels returned to normal, while for TSH levels 67.4 % cases reached normal range in 2 months and 84.1 % in 3 months. Two months after therapy, the levels of TT(3) and TT(4) reached to the upper half of normal range and there were no signs or symptoms of hypothyroidism. The time for all cases in 3 groups to reach the normal clinical and biochemical indicators was similar (P=0.925). The dosage for cases with low circulating thyroxine before treatment was higher than that of the other groups (P<0.01). The average DQ score of 18 cases after treatment was 116.7 +/- 17.0.

CONCLUSIONhe levothyroxine dosage of (4.3 +/- 0.9)microg/(kg.d) is appropriate for the initial treatment of the majority of infants with CH. However it is better to individualize the dosage for each case.

Congenital Hypothyroidism ; Female ; Humans ; Hypothyroidism ; drug therapy ; Infant, Newborn ; Male ; Thyrotropin ; blood ; Thyroxine ; administration & dosage ; blood ; Triiodothyronine ; blood

OBJECTIVETo explore the relationship between the levels of free triiodothyronine (FT3), free thyroxine (FT4), cortisol (CO), testosterone (T), serum estradiol (E2) and Cold Syndrome and Heat Syndrome in traditional Chinese medicine.

METHODSThe blood levels of FT3, FT4, T, E2, CO in groups of sthenic Heat (SH), sthenic Cold (SC), asthenic Heat (AH) and asthenic Cold (AC) and the healthy control group were measured. The number of cases in each group was 50.

RESULTS(1) FT3 and FT4 were higher in Heat Syndrome than that in Cold Syndrome in the order of AH > SH > control > SC > AC, it revealed that the basal metabolic rate and oxygen consumption in Heat Syndrome were increased, while it in Cold Syndrome, it declined. (2) CO was higher in SH, SC than that in AH and AC, the order was SC > SH > control > AH > AC, it revealed that CO was one of the factors correlated to asthenic and sthenic syndrome, but not relevant to Heat Syndrome and Cold Syndrome. (3) T was higher in Heat Syndrome than that in Cold Syndrome, but E2 showed the opposite, suggesting that T was one of the factors for forming Heat Syndrome, and E2 for Cold Syndrome.

CONCLUSIONThe levels of FT3, FT4, T, E2 are basis of pathophysiology related with forming HS and CS.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Communicable Diseases ; blood ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Estradiol ; blood ; Female ; Humans ; Hydrocortisone ; blood ; Male ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; Middle Aged ; Stroke ; blood ; Testosterone ; blood ; Thyroxine ; blood ; Triiodothyronine ; blood

OBJECTIVETo investigate the changing of T4 5'-and 5-deiodinase within rat brain under various iodin-nutritional states.

METHODSAnimal model of iodine-deficiency rat was performed and the rats were divided into 4 groups by the intake of iodine-nutrition, and then killed at an age of 20 days. The thyroid hormones level in serum was measured by ELISA and the activity of T(4) 5'-and 5-deiodinase within brain was analyzed.

RESULTSIn less-iodine (LI) group,TT4 and FT4 were accounting for 3.5% of the neutral-iodine (NI) group's, and FT3 was 174.0% of NI group's (P < 0.05). In NI group,TT4 and FT4 were 114.5% and 127.7% of NI group's (P < 0.05). In high-iodine (HI) group, TT4 and FT4 were 61.86% and 62.0% of NI group's, and FT3 was 184.9% of NI group's (P < 0.05). In LI group, the activity of T4 5'-deiodinase tissue of per gram (1.95 +/- 0.32) ngT3.microgT4(-1).h was significantly higher than that of NI group (P < 0.05), and the activity of 5-deiodinase (1.38 +/- 0.21) ngrT3.microg T4(-1).h(-1) is significantly less than that of NI group (1.59 +/- 0.23) (P < 0.05). In HI group the activity of T4 5'-and 5-deiodinase tissue of per gram (1.12 +/- 0.19 and 1.73 +/- 0.36) ngrT3.microgT4(-1).h(-1)was significantly less than that of NI group (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONThe activity of T4 5'-deiodinase in iodine deficiency heightens and that in iodine excess is debased, the activity of T4 5-deiodinase in iodine deficiency and in iodine excess is debased.

Animals ; Brain ; enzymology ; Female ; Iodide Peroxidase ; metabolism ; Iodine ; administration & dosage ; deficiency ; Male ; Rats ; Rats, Wistar ; Thyroxine ; blood ; Triiodothyronine ; blood

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a glycoprotein that promotes endothelial regeneration, stimulates formation of collateral blood vessels and increases vascular permeability. The purpose of this study was to measure the peripheral blood plasma level of VEGF and FT3, FT4, TSH and to analyze the correlation of the level of VEGF and TSH, FT3, FT4, age and gender in the patients of hyperthyroidism. The relationship between hyperthyroidism and VEGF was investigated as well. The plasma level of VEGF in 45 hyperthyroidism patients and 27 healthy persons were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), while plasma FT3, FT4, TSH were detected by chemiluminescence. The result showed that the plasma level of VEGF in hyperthyroidism patients [(92.53 +/- 62.38) pg/mL] was significantly lower than that in the control group [(158.28 +/- 77.15) pg/mL] (P < 0.01). The plasma level of VEGF correlated with age, and that of those over 40Y was significantly higher than that of 40Y or younger (P < 0.05) in healthy group. Whereas there was no correlation among VEGF, TSH, FT3, FT4, age and gender in hyperthyroidism patients (P > 0.05). These results suggested that the peripheral blood plasma level of VEGF in hyperthyroidism patients was significantly lower than that in the control group. Further experimental investigations are needed to estimate the relationship between VEGF and hyperthyroidism.
Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Case-Control Studies ; Female ; Humans ; Hyperthyroidism ; blood ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Thyrotropin ; blood ; Thyroxine ; blood ; Triiodothyronine ; blood ; Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A ; blood ; Young Adult

It is generally agreed that euthyroid sick syndromes (ESS) are associated with an increased production of cytokines. However, there has been scarce data on the relationship thyroid hormone changes and cytokines among the patients undergoing bone marrow transplantation (BMT). Because interleukin-8 (IL-8) has been identified as a potent proinflammatory and interleukin-10 (IL-10) as an antiinflammatory cytokine, we studied the relation between thyroid hormone parameters and these cytokines following BMT. We studied 80 patients undergoing allogeneic BMT. Serum T3 decreased to nadir at post-BMT 3 weeks. Serum T4 was the lowest at the post-BMT 3 months. Serum TSH sharply decreased to nadir at 1 week and gradually recovered. Serum free T4 significantly increased during 3 weeks and then returned to basal level. Mean levels of serum IL-8 significantly increased at 1 week after BMT. Mean levels of serum IL-10 significantly increased until 4 weeks after BMT. No significant correlation was found between serum thyroid hormone parameters and cytokines (IL-8, IL-10) after adjusting steroid doses during the entire study period. In conclusion, ESS developed frequently following allogeneic BMT and cytokine levels were increased in post-BMT patients. However, no significant correlation was found between serum thyroid hormone parameters and these cytokines.
Adult ; *Bone Marrow Transplantation ; Euthyroid Sick Syndromes/*blood ; Female ; Humans ; Interleukin-10/*blood ; Interleukin-8/*blood ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Thyroxine/blood ; Time Factors ; Triiodothyronine/blood

BACKGROUNDLittle information about the current management of patients with thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)-secreting pituitary adenomas or about the usefulness of the somatostatin analogue octreotide was contained in the literature. This study aimed to report the efficacy and safety of the long-acting octreotide formulation in patients with TSH-secreting pituitary adenomas after incomplete surgery and octreotide treatment failure.

METHODSFifteen patients with TSH-secreting pituitary adenomas (8 men and 7 women), who previously underwent incomplete surgical resection and/or adjuvant radiotherapy (n = 12) and failure of octreotide treatment (n = 15), followed between 2007 and 2010 in Beijing Tiantan Hospital were included in this study. All patients received 1- to 2-months of the long-acting octreotide formulation treatment after the above combination of treatment. Paired samples t-test was used to analysis the variables.

RESULTSAfter two-month duration of the long-acting octreotide formulation treatment, the mean serum free or unbound thyroxine (FT4) ((16.02 ± 1.72) pmol/L) and free triiodothyronine (FT3) ((2.87 ± 0.43) pmol/L) levels of 15 patients significantly decreased compared with those after octreotide-treatment (FT4, (35.36 ± 7.42) pmol/L, P < 0.001; FT3, (17.85 ± 7.22) pmol/L, P < 0.001). Mean TSH levels stayed in the normal range after the long-acting octreotide formulation treatment ((0.72 ± 0.21) mU/L) and were significantly lower than the pretreatment value ((5.27 ± 1.04) mU/L, P < 0.001), post-surgery value ((3.37 ± 0.31) mU/L, P < 0.001) and post-octreotide-treatment value ((4.52 ± 0.41) mU/L, P < 0.001). In these patients with TSH-secreting pituitary adenomas there was no evidence of tachyphylaxis.

CONCLUSIONThe long-acting octreotide formulation may be a useful and safe therapeutic tool to facilitate the medical treatment of TSH-secreting pituitary adenomas in patients who underwent incomplete surgery or need long-term somatostatin analog therapy.

Adult ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Octreotide ; therapeutic use ; Pituitary Neoplasms ; blood ; drug therapy ; secretion ; surgery ; Thyrotropin ; blood ; secretion ; Thyroxine ; blood ; Triiodothyronine ; blood