Trichomonas tenax(T. tenax) and Trichomonas hominis (T. hominis) were collected, cultured and sampled for comparative microscopical studies using electron microscope. Both flagellates were oval in shape and surrounded by a distinct outer membrane. Five recurrent flagella and one anterior flagellum had, each, 9 paris of peripheral and 1 pair of central fibrils, Undulating membrane was curved over the recurrent flagella, and bended in the middle at right angles with cell surface. Cytostome, engulfing bacteria, was observed in T. hominis. In the cytoplasm, there were fine dense glycogen particles, and vacuoles containing ingested materials. Dense pigment rods were also observed in both flagellates, but the rods were not distributed around the vacuoles in T. hominis. In T. tenax axostyle appeared as a cup-shaped structure comprising a single row of 41 fibrils, each about 120 a in diameter. It enclosed glycogen particles, and the open side was faced to the nucleus. Endoplasmic reticulum was observed around the nucleus, but it was less developed in T. hominis. Nucleus was ovoid having double nuclear membrane, which was clearly defined in T. hominis. Blepharoplast, parabasal body, Golgi appartus and mitochondrion was not observed in both flagellates.
parasitology-protozoa-Trichomonas tenax-Trichomonas hominis ; electron microscopy

OBJECTIVE: This study was performed to evaluate the diagnostic value of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for multiple microorganisms in female lower genital infection, because infections of the vaginal are caused by multiple microorganisms. METHODS: A total of 222 patients (161 cases of gynecologic patients and 61 cases of obstetric patients) who complained of profuse vaginal discharge or had excessive vaginal discharge were evaluated for detection of Chlamydia trachomatis, Ureaplasma urealyticum, Mycoplasma hominis, and Trichomonas vaginalis infections using PCR. RESULTS: Infecting microorganisms by PCR were found in 61 out of 161 gynecologic patients (37.6%). Among the 61 patients, single infection was present in 45 patients (78.3%), and infection by multiple microorganisms (26.6%) in the remaining 16. In these same patients, 72 showed an abundance of WBCs with the Gram stain. Among these 72 patients, 26 (74.3%) were infected with a single microorganism, and 9 (25.7%) were infected with multiple microorganisms. In 61 pregnant women, 26 patients (42.6%) were positive for infection. Single infection was found in 25 patients (96.2%) and infection by multiple microorganisms was present in one patient (3.8%). Many WBCs were observed in 19 out of the 61 pregnant women with the detection of single infection in 9 patients and none of the mixed forms. CONCLUSION: The majority of female lower genital infections are due to multiple organisms. Individual tests, cultures, and Gram staining must be done in order to detect all involved organisms which may potentially double cost and time loss. However, with the use of PCR, this can be achieved all at once. We therefore suggest that PCR may be precise and economically beneficial in the detection of female lower genital infection.
Chlamydia trachomatis ; Female* ; Humans ; Mycoplasma hominis ; Polymerase Chain Reaction* ; Pregnant Women ; Trichomonas vaginalis ; Ureaplasma urealyticum ; Vaginal Discharge

A survey of intestinal parasites infection among Korean people has been carried out during July 1969 to December 1970. A total of 2,250 stool specimens (male 1,101, female 1,146) was collected from all the provinces and Seoul city in Korea. The specimens were examined routinely by direct fecal smear, zinc sulfate flotation and formalin-ether sedimentation techniques. The results are summarized as follows: Of 2,250 specimens examined, l,803(80.l per cent) were positive for intestinal parasites. The positive rates of intestinal helminths were 1,644(73.1 per cent) among 2,250; Ascaris lumbricoides 46.0 per cent, Trichocephalus trichiurus 46.8 percent, hookworm 6.8 per cent, Trichostrongylus orientalis 7.0 percent, Clonorchis sinensis 12.1 percent, Enterobius vermicularis 1.6 per cent, Hymenolepis nana 0.7 percent, Taenia species 0.3 per cent, Metagonimus yokogawai 0.04 percent, Fasciolidae 0.04 per cent and one case of lung fluke Paragonimu westermani. The positive rstes of intestinal protozoa were 786(34.9 per cent); Entamoeba histolytica 6.4 per cent, Entamoeba coli 20.5 percent, Endolimax nana 10.0 per cent, Giardia lamblia 5.1 per cent, Trichomonas hominis 1.1 percent, Chilomastix mesnili 0.5 percent, Iodamoeba butschlii 0.6 percent, Enteromonas hominis 0.7 percent, Dientamoeba fragilis 0.1 per cent and one case of Isospora hominis. Sexual distribution of helminths and protozoan infections showed higher rate in female than that of male, except C. sinensis, H. nana, Taenia species or G. lamblia Infections of T. trichiurus, hookworm, T. orientalis, C. sinensis, Taenia species, E. histolytica, E. coli and E. nana increased with age. Conversely, H. nana and G. lamblia infections were more predominent in younger ages.
parasitology-helminth-protozoa-trematoda-nematoda-cestoda ; Ascaris lumbricoides ; Trichocephalus trichiurus-Trichuris trichiura ; hookworm ; Trichostrongylus orientalis ; Clonorchis sinensis ; Enterobius vermicularis ; Hymenolepis nana ; Taenia species ; lamblia ; Trichomonas hominis ; Chilomastix mesnili ; Iodamoeba butschlii ; Enteromonas hominis ; Dientamoeba fragilis ; Isospora hominis ; epidemiology ; stool examination

PURPOSE: Chronic prostatitis frequently occurs in men of all ages. Recent studies suggest that fastidious microorganisms may play a role in chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CP/CPPS). The aim of this study was to evaluate the usefulness and significance of multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in the diagnosis of CP/CPPS. MATERIALS AND METHODS: First voided urine (FVU) and/or expressed prostatic secretions (EPS) were collected from 92 patients. Multiplex PCR, using Dual Specificity Oligo (DSO(TM)) primers, was used to test for Chlamydia trachomatis (CT), Mycoplasma genitalium (MG), Mycoplasma hominis (MH), Neisseria gonorrhoeae (NG), Trichomonas vaginalis (TV) and Ureaplasma urealyticum (UU). RESULTS: Multiplex PCR can be easily analyzed via visual comparison. Nine (39.1%) of the 23 CP/CPPS IIIa and 12 (17.4%) of the 69 IIIb patients had positive multiplex PCR, with a total of 27 microorganisms isolated, including CT, MH, MG, UU, TV and NG in 9, 7, 4, 4, 2 and 1 case, respectively. Co-infections with 2 or 3 organisms occurred in 5 cases. For the samples collected from 32 patients for both FVU and EPS, 68.7% gave the same results. CONCLUSIONS: Multiplex PCR, using DSO(TM) primers, can be useful for the simple detection of fastidious microorganisms in CP/CPPS. To achieve reliable results with multiplex PCR, feasible guidelines and standardization are of major importance. Further studies will be required to define the usefulness of molecular tests for CP/CPPS in clinical practice.
Chlamydia trachomatis ; Coinfection ; Diagnosis ; Humans ; Male ; Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction* ; Mycoplasma genitalium ; Mycoplasma hominis ; Neisseria gonorrhoeae ; Pelvic Pain ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Prostatitis* ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Trichomonas vaginalis ; Ureaplasma urealyticum

BACKGROUND: Sexually transmitted infections (STI) encompass a variety of clinical syndromes caused by many pathogens that are transmitted through sexual activity. Multiplex PCR is frequently used to detect STI. In this study, two multiplex real-time PCR-based assays were used to detect STI in clinical specimens, and the concordance of the results obtained by each method was evaluated. METHODS: A total of 626 specimens were tested using the Anyplex II STI-7 (Seegene, Korea) and Seeplex STD6 ACE Detection kits (Seegene). RESULTS: Among the 626 individuals tested, 227 (44.2%) tested positive for STI by using Anyplex II STI-7. The prevalence rates of the various infectious microorganisms detected were as follows: Chlamydia trachomatis (C. trachomatis), 19.2% (120/626); Neisseria gonorrhoeae (N. gonorrhoeae), 5.6% (35/626); Trichomonas vaginalis (T. vaginalis), 0.2% (1/626); Mycoplasma genitalium (M. genitalium), 8.1% (51/626); Mycoplasma hominis (M. hominis), 2.9% (18/626); Ureaplasma urealyticum (U. urealyticum), 17.6% (110/626); and Ureaplasma parvum, 3.7% (23/626). The concordance rates for the STI-7 and STD6 assays in detecting the various types of microorganism were as follows: C. trachomatis, (99.5%); N. gonorrhoeae, (99.7%); T. vaginalis, (100%); M. genitalium, (100%); M. hominis, (100%); and U. urealyticum (99.2%). CONCLUSIONS: A high degree of concordance was observed between the results obtained using the Anyplex II STI-7 kits and those obtained using the Seeplex STD6 ACE Detection kits.
Chlamydia trachomatis ; Methods ; Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Mycoplasma genitalium ; Mycoplasma hominis ; Neisseria gonorrhoeae ; Prevalence ; Sexual Behavior ; Sexually Transmitted Diseases ; Trichomonas vaginalis ; Ureaplasma ; Ureaplasma urealyticum

BACKGROUND: The multiplex real-time PCR assay is a sensitive test for simultaneous detection of various pathogens of sexually transmitted infections (STIs). We evaluated the performance of two multiplex real-time PCR assays for six STI pathogens. METHODS: DNA samples after being used to conduct PCR for STI pathogens were stored below −70℃. Chlamydia trachomatis (CT), Neisseria gonorrhoeae (NG), Mycoplasma genitalium (MG), Mycoplasma hominis (MH), Ureaplasma urealyticum (UU), and Trichomonas vaginalis (TV) were detected by multiplex real-time PCR with GeneFinder STD I (CT/NG/UU)/II (MG/MH/TV) Multiplex Real-time PCR Kits (Infopia, Korea; GeneFinder assay) and Real-Q CT&NG/MH&TV/MG&UU Kits (BioSewoom, Korea; Real-Q assay). Discrepant results were resolved by another multiplex real-time assay, Anyplex II STI-7 Detection (Seegene, Korea). Any two positive results for the assays were considered true positive. RESULTS: Among 81 samples, the GeneFinder assay detected 63 pathogens from 45 cases (16 CT, 2 NG, 6 MG, 20 MH, 18 UU, and 1 TV) and Real-Q assay detected 66 pathogens from 47 cases (16 CT, 2 NG, 8 MG, 20 MH, 19 UU, and 1 TV). For the results of positive cases and negative cases, the overall concordance rate between the two multiplex real-time assays was 93.8% (Kappa=0.87). For each pathogen, the agreement rates of the two assays ranged from 97.5 to 100% (Kappa>0.8). CONCLUSION: There was no significant difference between the results of GeneFinder assay and Real-Q assay. Both multiplex real-time PCR assays can be useful methods for the detection of STI pathogens in clinical laboratories.
Chlamydia trachomatis ; DNA ; Korea ; Mycoplasma genitalium ; Mycoplasma hominis ; Neisseria gonorrhoeae ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction* ; Sexually Transmitted Diseases* ; Trichomonas vaginalis ; Ureaplasma urealyticum

PURPOSE: This study was undertaken to evaluate the usefulness, and significance, of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in the diagnosis of chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CPPS), analyzing Chlamydia trachomatis, Trichomonas vaginalis, Mycoplasma hominis, Mycoplasma genitalium and Ureaplasma urealyticum as the main causative organisms of CPPS. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We used a PCR assay designed to detect C. trachomatis, T. vaginalis, M. hominis, M. genitalium and U. urealyticum in expressed prostatic secretions (EPS), or third voided urine specimens (VB3), of 359 patients diagnosed with CPPS. RESULTS: Among 359 patients, 125 patients (34.8%) were category IIIa and 234 patients (65.2%) were category IIIb. With the use of PCR, Ttwenty-one (16.8%) of the 125 category IIIa, and nineteen (8.1%) of the 234 category IIIb, patients were found to have positive PCRs for the causative organisms of CPPS. In total 43 isolates, of presenting positive PCR, the common causative microorganisms were C. trachomatis in 15 cases (34.9%), U. urealyticum in 14 cases (32.6%), M. genitalium in 13 cases (30.2%) and M. hominis in 1 case (2.3%). CONCLUSIONS: With the invention of PCR, the inconvenience to patients in the process of extracting causative microorganisms is reduced, and it has become possible to get a result within 2-4 hours in a technically less difficult way. Moreover, PCR shows nearly 100% accuracy in terms of sensitivity and specificity. PCR is expected to play an important role in way of diagnosis, and treatment, for chronic pelvic pain syndrome in urology.
Chlamydia trachomatis ; Diagnosis ; Humans ; Inventions ; Mycoplasma genitalium ; Mycoplasma hominis ; Pelvic Pain* ; Polymerase Chain Reaction* ; Prostatitis ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Trichomonas vaginalis ; Ureaplasma urealyticum ; Urology

BACKGROUND: The female genital tract is equipped to deal with a variety of foreign substances including a wide array of microorganisms. It is important to consider Candida-bacterial interactions in balance between healthy colonization versus vaginitis. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the association between microorganism distribution and vaginitis, and to investigate the possibility of an interaction between vaginal Candida and other microorganisms in female genital tract. METHODS: A total of 516 vaginal secretions were collected between October 2008 and June 2010 from patients with suspected vaginitis. Identification of Candida species and detection of 6 fastidious microorganisms (Trichomonas vaginalis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis, Mycoplasma hominis, Mycoplasma genitalium, and Ureaplasma urealyticum) were performed using a VITEK 2 system (bioMerieux, Inc., Hazelwood, MO, USA) and multiplex PCR (Seegene, Biotechnology, Inc., Seoul, Korea), respectively. RESULTS: M. genitalium, U. urealyticum, and C. trachomatis were more often detected in association with vaginal candidiasis. A statistically significant association between Candida and M. genitalium was observed (P<0.05). N. gonorrhoeae was detected less often in women with vaginal candidiasis. CONCLUSION: The results of this study suggest the possibility that vaginal Candida may associate with some microorganisms in patients with vaginitis. Further studies will be required to define the Candida-bacterial interactions and its mechanisms.
Bacteria ; Biotechnology ; Candida ; Candidiasis ; Chlamydia trachomatis ; Colon ; Female ; Humans ; Microbial Interactions ; Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Mycoplasma genitalium ; Mycoplasma hominis ; Neisseria gonorrhoeae ; Trichomonas vaginalis ; Ureaplasma ; Vaginitis

We isolated 30 Trichomonas vaginalis for the PCR detection from the gynecological outpatients in the Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University using the specific 16s rDNA primers of Mycoplasma hominis. The results showed that there were 25 cases of Mycoplasma hominis infection, with the infection rate of 83.33%. This gave a clew that the symbiosis of Trichomonas vaginalis with Mycoplasma hominis may be of certain generality in China. We sequenced the ferredoxin gene of 10 Trichomonas vaginalis where 5 Mycoplasma hominis were positive and five negative, and found that the ferredoxin (Fd) gene of the 10 Trichomonas vaginalis were exactly the same. But compared to the genes in the GenBank, a comparative analysis of the gene revealed that there were 3 more ctg bases at the 200th position of encoding leucine, but this did not lead to changes in reading frame. The gene homology was 99%.
Amino Acid Sequence ; Base Sequence ; Female ; Ferredoxins ; genetics ; Humans ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mycoplasma hominis ; genetics ; physiology ; Symbiosis ; genetics ; Trichomonas vaginalis ; genetics ; physiology

PURPOSE: We aimed to investigate the detection of nanobacteria (NB) from expressed prostatic secretions (EPS) in patients with category III chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CP/CPPS) and from vaginal swabs in patients with vaginitis by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and to evaluate the association between NB and Neisseria gonorrhea, Chlamydia trachomatis, Ureaplasma urealyticum (U. urealyticum), Mycoplasma hominis, Trichomonas vaginalis, and Mycoplasma genitalium. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A group of 11 men attending a specialized CP/CPPS clinic and a group of 157 women who reported symptoms of lower genital tract infection were enrolled in this study. NB were detected by RT-PCR. A Seeplex Sexually Transmitted Disease Detection assay (Seegene Inc., Seoul, Korea) was used that could detect DNA for 6 types of sexually transmitted pathogens. RESULTS: In EPS samples, the detection rate of NB in patients with CP/CPPS was 9.1%, and 9 (5.7%) of 157 vaginitis patients showed positive results in RT-PCR for NB in vaginal swabs. Associations observed among the 7 microorganisms included 6 (54.5%) patients who tested positive on EPS and 75 (47.8%) patients who tested positive on vaginal swabs. Five patients with vaginitis were found to have monoinfection of NB (6.7%). CONCLUSIONS: We found that conventional RT-PCR for NB was rapid, simple, low in cost, and easily available for the detection of NB, and that NB may be a possible etiological factor for vaginitis and CP/CPPS. The prevalence of U. urealyticum among the four patients with NB coinfection was 75%; the presence of U. urealyticum might therefore raise suspicion for nanobacterial infection.
Calcifying Nanoparticles ; Chlamydia trachomatis ; Coinfection ; DNA ; Female ; Gonorrhea ; Humans ; Male ; Mycoplasma ; Mycoplasma hominis ; Nanoparticles ; Neisseria ; Pelvic Pain ; Prevalence ; Prostatitis ; Reproductive Tract Infections ; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction ; RNA-Directed DNA Polymerase ; Sexually Transmitted Diseases ; Trichomonas vaginalis ; Ureaplasma urealyticum ; Vaginitis