Aims: This study determined the optimum temperature for cell immobilization, the optimum time of fructose production by immobilized cell, and immobilized cell stability against repeated use in fructose production. Methodology and results: Research on cell immobilization of Streptomyces griseus and the variant have been done. The S. griseus variant was resulted from UV mutation. The variant was able to produce fructose as hydrolysis product 3 times as much after 30 min. Heating was done at 50, 60, 70, 80 and 90 °C. The fructose production was performed at intervals of 4 h for 32 h. The results showed that the optimum cell immobillization temperature of S. griseus and its variant was 80 °C. The optimum time of fructose production by immobilizing cell of S. griseus was 28 h and its variant cells was 24 h. Immobilized cells of S. griseus can be reused for 6 × 28 h to produce fructose compared to variants cells was 5 × 24 h, respectively. Conclusion, significance and impact of study This study reported that immobilized cells of S. griseus can be reused and its variant were highly advantageous in the production of fructose. The amount of fructose production was increased as compared to the conventional method and the cost of production could be reduced as well.

Since coronavirus disease 2019 was declared a global pandemic by the World Health Organization, it has become a challenging situation to continue medical education, including in Indonesia. The situation prohibited face-to-face (direct) educational activities in clinical settings, therefore also postponing examinations involving especially procedural skills. Adaptations were urgently needed to maintain the delivery of high-stake examinations to sustain the number of ophthalmology graduates and the continuation of eye health service. Objective structured clinical examination (OSCE) has been one of our widely used method to assess clinical competencies for ophthalmology residents, and is the one method that involves gatherings, close contact of examiners, examinees and patients, therefore the most difficult to adjust. Pandemic challenges brought technical changes in our delivering the OSCE to online, maximizing digital platforms of meetings, while still concerned to guarding the safety of candidates, patients and staffs. OSCE scenarios were also made as timely efficient as possible by changing continuous station models to a cascade one. The purpose of this article is to document our experience in conducting a feasible and reproducible OSCE in this pandemic era filled with limitations.

To assess healthcare workers' knowledge of novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in the early phase of the outbreak in Indonesia. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted in 12 hospitals in Indonesia from March 6 to March 25, 2020. Healthcare workers' knowledge on COVID-19 was assessed, and demographic data, workplace characteristics, and medical professional characteristics as well as the current local situation of COVID-19 were collected. To characterize determinants associated with knowledge, a logistic regression analysis was employed. Results: Out of 288 healthcare workers who completed the interview-assisted questionnaire, 149 (51.7%) respondents had a good knowledge. Nurses and other types of healthcare workers had lower odds of having good knowledge compared to doctors: adjusted odds ratio (aOR): 0.38; 95% CI: 0.20-0.72 and aOR: 0.31; 95% CI: 0.13-0.73, respectively. Compared to healthcare workers who had medical practice experience less than 5 years, those who had worked for more than 10 years had lower knowledge (aOR: 0.43; 95% CI: 0.20-0.90). Healthcare workers who worked in the infection department had higher knowledge compared to those in the emergency room (aOR: 14.33; 95% CI: 3.67-55.88). Conclusions: The knowledge of COVID-19 among surveyed healthcare workers was relatively low. The COVID-19 response in Indonesia will require further education and enhancement of the capacity of healthcare workers in the emergency room where COVID-19 patients may be treated the earliest.