Paul D. Choy was born on February 26th. 1896. He spent his childhood in Japan and America, and he returned to Korea when he turned twenty one years old. He graduated from Severance Union Medical College in 1921. After graduating the college, he went to Peking Union Medical College to study parasitology. He came back to Korea after one year as the first parasitologist in Korea. On returning, he took the charge of the clinical laboratory of Severance Hospital. Before long he made another journey for study to Canada. He spent two years in Toronto University studying pathology. After studying pathology, he challenged a new field of medicine. It was medical jurisprudence. He stayed two years in Japan in order to earn his doctorate in medical jurisprudence in Tohoku Imperial College. This time he returned as the first specialist in medical jurisprudence in Korea. His field of study was not confined to medical field. He had deep interest in current situation in Manchuria and Mongol, and wrote a book on this matter. His interest also extended to the history of ancient Korean people. He made extensive studies on this subject, which resulted in publishing a huge work on the origin of Korean people and its ancient history. He was a true pioneer of medicine in Korea and his life was characterized by endless quest for learning.
Education, Medical/*history ; English Abstract ; History, 20th Century ; Travel/*history

Of the more than two hundred collections of pildamchanghwa scattered around the world that are being catalogued and translated, more than forty are medical in nature. This paper organizes and charts the medical written conversations by their dates of publication and examine the various aspects of their publication. Medical written conversations have been collected since the Fourth Envoy. There are no records of medical written conversations or poetry exchange in Tsushima even though that was the first port of arrival for the Tongsinsa. Instead, sources show that written conversations and poetry exchanges mostly took place in Kyoto, Tokyo, and Osaka; indeed, these three cities, in that order, also have yielded the highest volumes of publication. The first commercially published collection of medical written conversations was Sanghaneuidam, published in 1713 following the Eighth Envoy. Though Gyerimchanghwajip was published two years earlier in 1711, it is clear from the usage of the word changhwa in the title that this collection was not strictly limited to medical written conversations. Sanghaneuidam was an attempt by Japanese medicine to collect questions and answers in order to publish as medical textbooks. The Japanese medicine that was involved in the most written conversations was Kawamura Shunko, who was the editor of Sanghaneuimundap and Joseonpildam following the Tenth Envoy. Publications with titles containing 'eui' explicitly contemplates the targeted readership. Kitao Shunpo was one Japanese medicine who was less interested in meeting a literary scrivener, but instead sought to converse with a respected medicine. When the Eighth Envoy of 1711 arrived in Ogaki, Kitao followed around the Joseon medicines and attempted written conversations. He enlisted the aid of his second son Shunrin in organizing the written conversations, and published the collection, complete with preface, postscript, and appendices-an editorial decision that fully contemplated his audience. Prior to meeting Gi Du-mun, Kitao meticulously planned out the order of questions-that is, the table of contents for Sanghaneuidam. Kitao drafted his questions to serve the purpose of a medical textbook, edited the contents of the written conversations, and added illustrations before presenting the collection to the public. Seomulyuchan, one of the most famous leishu in Japan, contains a preface by Lee Hyeon, a scrivener of Joseon. Kitao, who had studied Dongeuibogam, had already possessed a vast and systematic knowledge of materia medica; however, he sought Lee's contributions, hoping that a preface written by a renowned Joseon scholar would lend his publication more credibility. As such, it can be inferred that the preface to Seomulyuchan was created as an extension of the medical written conversations.
History, 18th Century ; Humans ; Japan ; Medicine, Traditional/history ; Publishing/history/*statistics & numerical data ; Travel ; Writing

Chi Seok-Young was the first Korean to go abroad to study the western medicine. In Japan, he studied it for approximately 4 months from May to September 1880. He did not go through the curriculum in its entirity but was able to bring back knowledge in the western medicine nevertheless. Seo Jae-Pil, who exiled to the United States as the result of Kapsin coup failure in December 1884, was the next to study the medicine abroad. He enrolled at the Columbian University School of Medicine in 1889 and completed requirements in March 1892, becoming the first Korean doctor in the western medicine. In 1896, Kim Ik-Nam enrolled Jikeikai Hospital Medical School in Japan after passing 1895 government-sponsored qualification examination to study abroad in Japan. He graduated in November 1899 and received a license to practice medicine from the Ministry of Education in Japan. And in 1902, Ahn Sang-Ho also graduated from Jikeikai Hospital Medical School. In 1896, Kim Jum-Dong(Esther Park) accompanied Dr RS Hall, who was an American woman doctor serving as a missionary for Methodist Church, to the United States and enrolled Baltimore Women's Medical College in October 1st of the same year. She graduated in 1900 and became the first Korean woman to a Doctorate of Medicine. Thereafter in 1902, an American Southern Presbyterian Church missionary Dr Alexander who was assigned to Kunsan, recommended on O Geung-Sun to travel to the United States and he subsequently enrolled at Louisville University School of Medicine in March 1904. He returned after graduation in 1907 and became the third Korean to receive a Doctorate of Medicine in the United States. In 1899, the first Western Medical School(Eui-hak-kyo) was established in Korea. Its curricula were essentially an abbreviated version of the Japanese. Therefore, as a medical educational entity, a significant difference from the Japanese system was inevitable. Because of this shortcoming, its graduates were not given much credibility. Therefore, some of the more ambitious graduates went abroad to study in Japan or Germany. There were instances where some went abroad to Britain. Similarly, total of 11 students went to the United States either through the recommendation of Christian missionary doctors or as teaching faculties of the Severance Medical College. The first Korean to travel to Germany to study pathological microbiology was Yu Il-Jun in July 1921. And Lee Suk-Shin followed Yu's course in August of the same year, Lee Sung-yong in September 1921, Yun Chi-Hyung in 1922, Park Ju-Byung in 1923, Jeong Suk-Tae in 1924, and Ahn Nam-Gyu in 1925, etc. And in Britain, Yun Chi-Wang earned a Doctorate of Medicine from Glasgow university. In Japan, prior to 1910, some students such as Kim Ik-Nam, Ahn Sang-Ho, Park Jong-Sun and Kang Dong-Ok studied the western medicine. Since 1910 until 1945, total of 369 Korean students, including 268 men and 101 women received their degrees in Medicine, and 166 doctors were granted Doctor of Medical Science degree in Japan. The table below shows the numbers of Korean who got degrees in Medicine(M.D) and degrees in Doctor of Medical Science(D.M.Sc) from some medical colleges in Japan.
Education, Medical/*history ; English Abstract ; History of Medicine, 19th Cent. ; History of Medicine, 20th Cent. ; Japan ; Korea ; Travel/history ; Western World