PURPOSE: Evaluation of the effects of a vehicle's movement/ operation on fluid flow regulators during patient transport. To determine whether or not vehicle trembling during idling and movement during patient transport are factors affecting the velocity of fluid injection. METHODS: The volume of fluid, as measured in an idling or moving vehicle, was evaluated using three different types of marketed flow regulators at three different injection speeds: 10, 20 and 40 ml/hr. RESULTS: In all cases, when the vehicle was idling or in motion, discrepancies were observed between the pre-calculated amount of fluid and the actual amount of fluid injected. However, a greater discrepancy was observed to exist in a moving vehicle. CONCLUSION: The trembling and movement of a vehicle during patient transport affects fluid injection results.
Fluid Therapy ; Humans ; Infusion Pumps ; Transportation of Patients

PURPOSE: Evaluation of the effects of a vehicle's movement/ operation on fluid flow regulators during patient transport. To determine whether or not vehicle trembling during idling and movement during patient transport are factors affecting the velocity of fluid injection. METHODS: The volume of fluid, as measured in an idling or moving vehicle, was evaluated using three different types of marketed flow regulators at three different injection speeds: 10, 20 and 40 ml/hr. RESULTS: In all cases, when the vehicle was idling or in motion, discrepancies were observed between the pre-calculated amount of fluid and the actual amount of fluid injected. However, a greater discrepancy was observed to exist in a moving vehicle. CONCLUSION: The trembling and movement of a vehicle during patient transport affects fluid injection results.
Fluid Therapy ; Humans ; Infusion Pumps ; Transportation of Patients

PURPOSE: In an emergency, the quality of CPR prior to hospital arrival is a very important component for the survival of victims. We want to know differences in chest compression quality performed by groups that have variant experiences of CPR, and automatic CPR machine on the floor, or in an ambulance moving at 40 km/hr, or at 80 km/hr. METHODS: We analysed the chest compression quality of each group, and that performed on the floor, in an ambulance moving as 40 km/hr, and at 80 km/hr. We measured the following factors: mean compression depth; mean compression rate; exact performance percentile; and the compression error through too deep, too weak, wrong compression location, and no full recoil. RESULTS: In the student-nurse group, the quality of chest compression performed on the floor was better than that performed in a moving ambulance. In 119 member group, chest compression performed in an ambulance moving as 40 km/hr was better than that performed in an ambulance moving at 80 km/hr. The use of an automatic CPR machine, there were no differences in chest compression quality in all circumstances. In comparing each group, compression quality of the 119 member group and the automatic CPR machine group was better than that of the student nurses. CONCLUSION: In the group with real CPR experience, there were no differences between chest compression performed on the floor and that performed moving at 40 km/hr. Chest compression performed moving as 40 km/hr is better than that performed moving at 80km/hr. In the group without CPR experience, chest compression performed on the floor is better than that performed in a moving ambulance.
Ambulances ; Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation ; Emergencies ; Floors and Floorcoverings ; Humans ; Thorax ; Transportation of Patients

This is the design of a mechanical systems for use in the balanceable system of ambulance, which can keep the medical service bed at the ambulance level, whatever the terrain is. A level detector will detect the level state of the bed and turn it to a signal. The central processing unit will use this signal to analyse and control the movement of the motor. By this design (which uses the rolling rail as a drive transmission and makes three supports of the bed go up and down), the bed will keep level. With the use of this design, the balanceable system of ambulance can counteract 35 degrees. The error is controlled within +/- 1 degree. And the response time is within 0.3 s. The method of registration can be effective for keeping the bed at the ambulance level, and for reducing the chance of making the patient get hurt on the way to hospital.
Ambulances ; Equipment Design ; Humans ; Robotics ; methods ; Transportation of Patients

Critical Illness ; Humans ; Tertiary Care Centers ; Transportation of Patients ; methods

The pre-and interhospital transportation of emergency patients has growing during the recent years to be al full-fledged component of medical practice. With this grow has arisen a need for discussion of the emergency patients transportation system required to carry out the transportation in Korea. All patients to transferred by transportation system have a common feature: the need during transportation for high-level intensive care and monitoring by specialized medical teams and equipments. This article reviewed the emergency medical service system of France (SAMU), West Germany and Japan, we proposed the following preliminary guidelines for emergency patients transportation system in Korea. 1) Emergency medical service system 2) Emergency medical hospitals 3) Emergency service area 4) Emergency transportation vehicles (ambulance, helicopter) 5) Communication system 6) 119 ambulance service system 7) Education and training of the emergency medical persons 8) Care for mass accidents.
Ambulances ; Education ; Emergencies* ; Emergency Medical Services ; France ; Germany ; Humans ; Critical Care ; Japan ; Korea* ; Transportation ; Transportation of Patients*

PURPOSE: As the quality of life and people's own safety awareness rise in our society, the desire for first-aid treatment in early time from all sorts of accidents and disasters increases. So I examined how our Emergency Medical Service (EMS) system responses to the explosive demands on EMS and the terrible accidents laying stress on practical circumstances of the spot. METHODS: I mainly analyzed the processes, as a step before hospital, arrival in spot, 119 first-aid service, and transportation of patients when emergency patients happen. RESULTS: It is found that there must be systematic devices which makes EMT not to be caught on medical dispute, a modernization of emergency equipments, professional firstaid agents, a proper personnel arrangement. CONCLUSION: We must improve deduced problems focusing on structural and functional aspect to make an Emergency Medical Care Transportation system into a realistic one.
Busan* ; Disasters ; Dissent and Disputes ; Emergencies* ; Emergency Medical Services* ; Emergency Medical Technicians ; Humans ; Quality of Life ; Seoul* ; Social Change ; Transportation ; Transportation of Patients

PURPOSE: The study investigated the present state of helicopter patient transport system on Jeju Island with the aim of improving the helicopter emergency medical service system. METHODS: Electrical medical records of patients transported to Jeju National University Hospital by coast guard helicopter from March 2009 to November 2010 were retrospectively reviewed. The followings were analyzed in terms of patient demography, pre-hospital treatment and monitoring during transport, emergency severity index (ESI) score, outcomes and appropriateness of transportation. RESULTS: During the 19 months of the study, 35 patients were helicopter-transported. There were 18 illness patients (51%) and 17 trauma patients (49%). There were 11 ESI level I patients (31.4%) and 8 ESI level II patients (11.4%). Treatment and monitoring during transportation were rare. 15 patients (43%) were hospitalized and 10(28%) died. 16 (45.7%) patients were indicated to the helicopter transportation. CONCLUSION: The near-absence of treatment and monitoring during helicopter transportation is thought to be associated with the absence of firefighting helicopter and trained medical staff. Appropriate emergency patient transportation protocols are needed.
Aircraft ; Demography ; Emergencies ; Emergency Medical Services ; Humans ; Medical Records ; Medical Staff ; Military Personnel ; Retrospective Studies ; Transportation ; Transportation of Patients

PURPOSE: The principle of prehospital transport is that the patient should be transported to the nearest hospital that is suitable for the severity of the illness. Therefore, out-of-jurisdiction transport is improper. The purpose of this study was to understand the present situation and evaluate the appropriateness of out-of-jurisdiction prehospital transport by the 119 rescue group. METHODS: Between January and December 2009 we enrolled patients who were transported to the Gwangju Regional Emergency Medical Center by the 119 rescue group, which belongs to Jeolla province. The appropriateness of out-of-jurisdiction transport was based on the transport chart and medical record of the 119 rescue group and categorized into three groups. RESULTS: The total number of patients transported was 440: 78 (17.7%) were appropriate; 329 (74.8%) were inappropriate; 33 (7.5%) patients were very inappropriate. Of the 440, 156 (35.5%) were emergency cases, 147 (33.4%) were sub-emergency cases, and 137 (31.1%) were non-emergency cases. Comparing these data with the triage by the 119 rescue group, the kappa value was 0.368 (p<0.001). The patients or their guardians selected the hospital to which the patient was be transported in 382 (86.8%) cases. The actual transport distance was 40.0 km (range: 26.0 to 50.0) and was significantly longer than the nearest distance to a local emergency center which was 10.0 km (4.0 to 18.0) (p<0.001). CONCLUSION: Inappropriate out-of-jurisdiction transporting of patients is done frequently. Therefore, guidelines for prehospital transportation according to the triage is necessary. Additionally, the medical director and emergency medicine information center could play a role in selecting a hospital. A fee or a fine of transporters who do not observe the guidelines might limit the proportion of inappropriate transport cases.
Ambulances ; Emergencies ; Emergency Medical Services ; Emergency Medicine ; Fees and Charges ; Humans ; Information Centers ; Medical Records ; Physician Executives ; Transportation ; Transportation of Patients ; Triage

PURPOSE: The author's trauma center implemented Mobile Trauma Units (MTU), which are ground transportation automobiles constructed with advanced medical equipment, in an attempt to improve the survival rate of severe trauma patients. The purpose of this study was to examine the efficacy of MTU as a means of inter-hospital transfer of patients in urban environments. METHODS: Patients with an injury severity score (ISS) of 16 or more were enrolled in this study. The participants must also be patients who were transferred with the MTU in the 18 months between January 2017 and June 2018. To assess the survival probability, the revised trauma score (RTS), trauma and injury severity score (TRISS), and w-score were used as the outcome indices. RESULTS: Forty-four (86.3%) of the severe trauma patients with an ISS of 16 or more were male and 7 (13.7%) were female. The number of patients from the territory were 32 (62.7%), and patients from the others were 19 (37.3%). All the patients received their injury from blunt force trauma. The average time of from the scene of the accident to the trauma center was 176 minutes. In 13 deaths, 10 (76.9%) of the RTS values were below 4 points. Among the 51 patients, TRISS was more than 0.5 in 32 patients (62.7%). The w-score was 13.25 and the actual survival rate of a patient was 74.50%. CONCLUSION: Ground transportation automobiles that use MTU for severe trauma patients in urban areas are more economically beneficial and more efficient. The survival rate while using MTU was also shown to be higher than that of medical helicopter transfers.
Aircraft ; Automobiles ; Emergency Treatment ; Female ; Humans ; Injury Severity Score ; Male ; Survival Rate ; Transportation ; Transportation of Patients ; Trauma Centers ; Wounds and Injuries