physiology and bone biology, transplantation immunology, and development of tissue banking procedure has enabled oral and maxillofacial surgeons to reconstruct even the most difficult bony defects successfully with the preserved allogeneic bone implant. Now autogenous bone and allogeneic bone implants present a wide variety of surgical options to surgeons, whether used separately or in combination. The surgeons are able to make judicious and fruitful choices, only with a through knowledge of the above-mentioned biologic principles and skillful techniques. The author evaluated 116 cases where allogeneic bones were transplanted for oral and maxillofacial reconstruction.]]>
Allografts ; Biology ; Bone Transplantation ; Fruit ; Physiology ; Tissue Banks ; Transplantation Immunology

OBJECTIVETo observe the immune reaction in the mixed culture of host lymphocytes with allogenic and host endothelial cells.

METHODSThe host epithelial cells and lymphocytes from burn patients and allogenic epithelial cells were mix-cultured in different ratios, so as to simulate the local immune micro-environment of host skin island in intermingled skin grafting. In addition, the cells from normal human subjects were also mix-cultured as control. The lymphocyte cpm values were detected by (3)H-TdR and HLA molecules and T cell subgroup were determined by immunohistological technique.

RESULTS(1) The lymphocyte proliferation reaction could be effectively inhibited by the epithelial cells from burn patients but not from normal control. (2) The inhibition of host lymphocyte proliferation could not be mediated by the HLA-DQ molecules of epithelium from burn patients. (3) The positive expression rate of HLA-DR of epithelia from burn patients was evidently higher that that from normal control (P < 0.05), (4) The CD8 expression of lymphocyte in burn patients was significantly higher than that in normal control (P < 0.01), while the CD4 expression in burn patients was lower than that in normal control (P < 0.01). But there was no obvious difference of the CD3 expression between patients and normal subjects (P > 0.05).

CONCLUSIONThe lymphocyte proliferation reaction could be obviously inhibited by the host epithelium, which might be related to the specific immune state of the host lymphocytes and epithelium of burn patients.

Cell Communication ; immunology ; physiology ; Cell Culture Techniques ; Cell Division ; Epithelial Cells ; immunology ; physiology ; Humans ; Lymphocytes ; immunology ; physiology ; Skin Transplantation ; immunology

Microencapsulation of cells or tissue fragments represents a potentially effective method to prevent graft rejection in allotransplantation and xenotransplantation without the need of immunosuppression, but the functional survival of all trial grafts is still limited. Usually, graft failure is mainly interpreted as the consequence of the progressive fibrotic overgrowth of capsules, the insufficient supply of oxygen and nutrition to the encapsulated graft, and the dysfunction of the encapsulated graft induced by small proinflammatory factors. These detrimental factors are interrelatd with the microcapsules, the implanted graft, and the transplantation site. This article reviews and summarizes the advance and the limitation of microencapsulated grafts transplantation in the above-mentioned aspects.
Alginates ; chemistry ; Animals ; Biocompatible Materials ; chemistry ; Capsules ; Graft Survival ; immunology ; Humans ; Islets of Langerhans Transplantation ; immunology ; methods ; physiology ; Transplantation, Heterologous ; immunology

BACKGROUND: In the past, ABO incompatibility was an absolute contraindication for solid organ transplantation. However, multiple recent trials have suggested strategies for overcoming the reactions between graft antigens and recipient antibodies that cause graft rejection. In this study, we determined the usefulness of plasma exchange (PE) for removing anti-A/B antibodies that cause hyperacute/acute humoral graft rejection in patients undergoing ABO-incompatible kidney transplantation. METHODS: In our study, 12 patients underwent ABO-incompatible kidney transplantation. All recipients received pre-transplantation conditioning by PE or intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) administration. After pre-transplantation conditioning, anti-A/B antibody titers were evaluated, and transplantation was performed when the titer was below 1:8. To assess the transplantation outcome, anti-A/B antibody titers, creatinine level, estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), and proteinuria levels were measured. RESULTS: Anti-A/B antibody titers were below 1:8 in all patients at the time of transplantation. eGFR measured on post-transplant day 14 showed that 10 patients had immediate recovery of graft function, while 2 patients had slow recovery of graft function. Short-term outcomes of ABO-incompatible kidney transplantation (measured as creatinine levels) after reducing anti-A/B antibody titers were similar to those of ABO-compatible kidney transplantation. After transplantation, the anti-A/B antibody titers were below 1:8 in 7 patients, but the remaining 5 patients required post-transplantation PE and IVIG treatment to prevent antigen-antibody reactions. CONCLUSIONS: With the increasing demand for kidney donations, interest in overcoming the ABO incompatibility barrier has increased. PE may be an important breakthrough in increasing the availability of kidneys for transplantation.
ABO Blood-Group System/*immunology ; Adult ; *Blood Group Incompatibility/immunology ; Creatinine/blood ; Female ; Glomerular Filtration Rate ; Graft Rejection/therapy ; Humans ; Immunoglobulins, Intravenous/therapeutic use ; Isoantibodies/immunology/physiology ; Kidney Transplantation/*immunology ; Male ; Middle Aged ; *Plasma Exchange ; Proteinuria ; Transplantation Conditioning ; Transplantation Immunology

OBJECTIVETo investigate the relationship between some cytokines and early outcome of grafts in burn patients receiving xeno-/allo-ADM grafting.

METHODSNineteen xeno-ADMs were grafted onto the wounds of 12 patients after escharectomy in extremities, and 18 allo-ADMs were grafted onto the escharectomy wounds of 15 patients in extremities. All the grafts were covered with thin split thickness skin autografts. Six patients grafted with split thickness skin autografts (auto-TTS) were employed as control. After the grafts survived for 4 to 8 weeks, immunohistochemistry and ELISA methods were employed to determine the contents of IL-1 beta, IL-4, IL-6, TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma in the exudation fluid from wounds after the rejection of xeno-ADM, local skin and peripheral blood.

RESULTSIt was exhibited by immunochemistry staining that the positive cellular density and staining intensity of the IL-1 beta, IL-4, IL-6, TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma in the grafts were ranked as following: Xeno-ADM > allo-ADM > auto-TTS (P < 0.05 - 0.01). The levels of IL-4, IL-6, TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma in the exudation fluid during the rejection of xeno-ADM were obviously higher than those in the blood of the patients as determined by ELISA, while the serum levels of IL-4 and IFN-gamma in xeno-ADM group were lower and higher than those in xeno-ADM when without rejection respectively. The serum levels of IL-4, TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma in xeno-ADM group were significantly higher than those in allo-ADM and auto-TTS groups (P < 0.05 - 0.01).

CONCLUSIONLocal detection of high levels of IL-1 beta, IL-4, IL-6, TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma might be related to the immune augmentation mediated by cytotoxic lymphocytes and cytokines. The dynamic changes of these cytokines might be helpful to the explanation of the bad outcome of xeno-ADMs.

Animals ; Burns ; immunology ; surgery ; Cytokines ; analysis ; physiology ; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay ; Graft Rejection ; Humans ; Immunohistochemistry ; Skin Transplantation ; immunology ; Swine ; Transplantation, Heterologous ; immunology

The immunoregulatory effects of mescenchymal stem cell (MSC) and its application have become a hot research topic in recent years. This article reviews the up-to-dated research advances in the features and mechanisms of immune regulation of MSC and its application.
Animals ; Humans ; Lymphocyte Subsets ; immunology ; Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transplantation ; Mesenchymal Stromal Cells ; physiology ; T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory ; immunology

Transplantation would be the only way to cure the end-stage organ failure involving heart, lung, liver, kidney and pancreas. The replacement of the parts of the body damaged to lose its function or lost to trauma must be a dream of human-being. Human history is replete with chimeras, from sphinxes to mermaids, making one wonder if the ancients might actually have dreamed of what now is called 'xenotransplantation'. In the 20th century, the transplantation of organs and tissues to cure disease has become a clinical reality. The development in the fields of surgical techniques, physiology and immunology attributed to the successful transplantation in human. In the center of the successful transplantation lies the progress in understanding the cellular and molecular biology of immune system which led to the development of immunosuppressive drugs and the invention of the concept of immunological tolerance. The mandatory side effects of immunosuppressive drugs including infection and cancer forced us to search alternative approaches along with the development of new immunosuppressive agents. Among the alternative approaches, the induction of a state of immunologic tolerance would be the most promising and the most generic applicability as a future therapy. Recent reports documenting long-term graft survival without immunosuppression suggest that tolerance-based therapies may become a clinical reality. Last year, we saw the epoch making success of overcoming hyperacute rejection in porcine to primate xenotransplantation which will lead porcine to human xenotransplantation to clinical reality. In this review, I dare to summarize the development of transplantation immunology from the perspective of history.
Allergy and Immunology ; Chimera ; Graft Survival ; Heart ; Humans ; Immune System ; Immunosuppression ; Immunosuppressive Agents ; Inventions ; Kidney ; Liver ; Lung ; Molecular Biology ; Pancreas ; Physiology ; Primates ; Transplantation Immunology* ; Transplantation, Heterologous

The profound graft-versus-leukemia (GVL) effect presented after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) has been evidenced. In contrast to T cell mediated GVL, natural killer (NK) cells recognize target cells and introduce GVL effect by using an integration of activating and inhibitory receptors. This review has summarized current literatures from 2001 - 2003 on human killer cell immunoglobulin receptors (KIR) and other NK cell receptors involved in recognition of tumor targets and the polymorphism of KIR genes of donor/recipient pairs of related and unrelated Allo-HSCT. KIR epitope mismatch may facilitate engraftment and reduce leukemia relapse post transplant by mediating lysis of recipient's cells and introducing GVL effect under the condition of KIR epitope mismatch. Clinical roles of KIR in Allo-HSCT and immunotherapy are discussed. Technologic approach in allogeneic reactive NK cells introduction, identification and selection in vitro, development of inhibitory receptor blockade as well as up-regulation of activating NK cells may significantly enhance GVL immune response. Further investigation on the regulation of KIR inhibitory receptors enables to design novel strategy in cancer immunotherapy over the forthcoming decade.
Graft vs Host Disease ; immunology ; Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation ; Humans ; Immune Tolerance ; Killer Cells, Natural ; immunology ; Major Histocompatibility Complex ; Receptors, Immunologic ; chemistry ; genetics ; physiology ; Receptors, KIR ; Transplantation, Homologous

To explore the role of dentritic epidermal T lymphocytes ( DETCs) in immune rejection of skin allograft in mice and its related mechanism. Methods (1) Full-thickness skin was harvested from back of one male wild type (WT) C57BL/6 mouse. Epithelial cells were isolated for detection of the expression of DETCs and their phenotype with flow cytometer. Another male WT C57BL/6 mouse was used to harvest full-thickness skin from the back. Epidermis was isolated for observation of the morphological characteristics of DETCs with immunofluorescence technology. (2) Four male green fluorescence protein (GFP)-marked C57BL/6 mice, 7 female WT C57BL/6 mice (group WT), and 7 female ybT lymphocytes 8 gene knock-out (GK) C57BL/6 mice (group GK) were used. Full-thickness skin in the size of 1.4 cm x 1.4 cm on the back of mice in groups WT and GK were excised, and the wounds were transplanted with full-thickness skin in the size of 1.2 cm x 1.2 cm obtained from male GFP-marked C57BL/6 mice. The survival time of skin grafts was affirmed with small animal in vivo imager and naked eyes and recorded. (3) Two male WT C57BL/6 mice were used to isolate epithelial cells. Cells were inoculated into 48-well plate and divided into activation group (A) and control group (C) according to the random number table, with 4 wells in each group. Cells in group A were treated with 10 pL concanavalin A in the concentration of 2 microg/mL for 24 hours, while those in group C with PBS in the same volume as that in group A. The expression of interferon y in DETCs was detected with flow cytometer. (4) Four male GFP-marked C57BL/6 mice were used as donors. Fourteen female WT C57BL/6 mice were used as receptors and divided into interferon gamma neutralizing group (IN) and control group (C) according to the random number table, with 7 mice in each group. The skin transplantation model of C57BL/6 male to C57BL/6 female was established as in part (2). Before surgery and 72 hours after, mice in group IN were intraperitoneally injected with 200 pL interferon y neutralizing antibody in the concentration of 1 mg/mL, and those in group C with normal saline in the same volume as that in group IN. The survival time of skin grafts was observed and recorded using the methods in part (2), and the result of group IN was compared with that of group GK in part (2). The survival curve of skin grafts was processed with Log-rank ( Mantel-Cox) test. Results (1) The positive expression rate of DETCs in epithelial cells of skin in mouse was 7.27%, and they were all CD3 cells. DETCs were found to be scattered in the epidermis of skin in mouse with dendritic morphology. (2) The survival time of skin grafts of mice in group GK was 22-35 d, obviously longer than that in group WT (12-16 d, y2 = 14. 10 , P < 0.001). (3) Expression of interferon gamma was detected in 22. 70% DETCs in group A, which was obviously higher than that in group C (0.51%). (4) The survival time of skin grafts of mice in group IN was 19-24 d, which was obviously longer than that in group C (12-16 d, chi 2 = 13.60, P < 0.001) but close to that in group GK as in part (2) (chi2 = 0.06, P = 0.810). Conclusions DETCs are involved in promotion of immune rejection of skin allograft probably by secretinf interferon gamma.
Allografts ; Animals ; Epidermis ; Female ; Graft Survival ; immunology ; physiology ; Interferon-gamma ; immunology ; metabolism ; Lymphocytes ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Skin ; Skin Transplantation ; T-Lymphocytes ; immunology

In this study antigen-independent factor in the pathogenesis of chronic rejection of organ transplants was examined. Kidney isografts and allografts were transplanted orthotopically into bilaterally nephroectomized rat recipients and studied functionally, morphologically and immunohistologically, at serial intervals up to 52 weeks after transplantation. Allograft recipients developed progressive proteinuria after 12 weeks, with gradual renal failure ultimately leading to death. At the same time, morphological changes, including progressive arteriosclerosis and glomerulosclerosis, tubular atrophy and interstitial fibrosis, developed. Immunohistologically, macrophages infiltrated glomeruli during this period and cytokines became unregulated. Our results showed that antigen-independent functional and morphological changes occurred in long-term kidney isografts and mimicked those appearing much earlier in allografts that reject chronically. Initial injury and extent of functioning renal mass is suggested to be important factor for such late changes.
Animals ; Graft Rejection ; etiology ; immunology ; pathology ; Graft Survival ; physiology ; Kidney ; immunology ; pathology ; Kidney Transplantation ; immunology ; methods ; pathology ; Proteinuria ; etiology ; Rats ; Rats, Inbred Strains ; Time Factors ; Transplantation, Homologous ; Transplantation, Isogeneic