Humans ; Hypertension ; metabolism ; pathology ; Transient Receptor Potential Channels ; metabolism ; physiology

Transient receptor potential (TRP) ion channels are widely distributed in different kinds of cells. TRP expresses highly in the prostatic cancer epithelia at different levels, but whether it expresses in chronic prostatitis epithelia or not remains poorly understood. Investigating the roles of TRP ion channels in the pathogenesis of prostatic diseases could afford us a new approach to their diagnosis and therapy.
Calcium Channels ; Calcium Signaling ; Humans ; Male ; Prostatic Diseases ; metabolism ; pathology ; Transient Receptor Potential Channels

Transient receptor potential M2 (TRPM2) ion channel is a non-selective cationic channel that can permeate calcium ions, and plays an important role in neuroinflammation, ischemic reperfusion brain injury, neurodegenerative disease, neuropathic pain, epilepsy and other neurological diseases. In ischemic reperfusion brain injury, TRPM2 mediates neuronal death by modulating the different subunits of glutamate N-methyl-D-aspartic acid receptor in response to calcium/zinc signal. In Alzheimer's disease, TRPM2 is activated by reactive oxygen species generated by β-amyloid peptide to form a malignant positive feedback loop that induces neuronal death and is involved in the pathological process of glial cells by promoting inflammatory response and oxidative stress. In epilepsy, the TRPM2-knockout alleviates epilepsy induced neuronal degeneration by inhibiting autophagy and apoptosis related proteins. The roles of TRPM2 channel in the pathogenesis of various central nervous system diseases and its potential drug development and clinical application prospects are summarized in this review.
Amyloid beta-Peptides/metabolism* ; Humans ; Neurodegenerative Diseases ; Neuroglia ; TRPM Cation Channels/genetics* ; Transient Receptor Potential Channels

Nociception is an important physiological process that detects harmful signals and results in pain perception. In this review, we discuss important experimental evidence involving some TRP ion channels as molecular sensors of chemical, thermal, and mechanical noxious stimuli to evoke the pain and itch sensations. Among them are the TRPA1 channel, members of the vanilloid subfamily (TRPV1, TRPV3, and TRPV4), and finally members of the melastatin group (TRPM2, TRPM3, and TRPM8). Given that pain and itch are pro-survival, evolutionarily-honed protective mechanisms, care has to be exercised when developing inhibitory/modulatory compounds targeting specific pain/itch-TRPs so that physiological protective mechanisms are not disabled to a degree that stimulus-mediated injury can occur. Such events have impeded the development of safe and effective TRPV1-modulating compounds and have diverted substantial resources. A beneficial outcome can be readily accomplished via simple dosing strategies, and also by incorporating medicinal chemistry design features during compound design and synthesis. Beyond clinical use, where compounds that target more than one channel might have a place and possibly have advantageous features, highly specific and high-potency compounds will be helpful in mechanistic discovery at the structure-function level.
Animals ; Humans ; Pain ; metabolism ; Pruritus ; metabolism ; Transient Receptor Potential Channels ; metabolism

Channels from the TRP superfamily have essential roles in a wide variety of sensory transductions, especially in mechano-sensation, such as hearing, touch and mechanical pain. TRP channels are also implicated in major channelopathies, including deafness, chronic pain, autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) and ventricular hypertrophy. As the leading candidates for mechano-sensitive channels, some TRP channels appear to be mechano-receptor, which can be activated by mechanical forces directly, such as C. elegans TRPN homolog TRP-4; whereas others may act as signal modulators, receiving and amplifying signals indirectly. This review is to introduce the function of TRPs in mechano-sensory transduction and to discuss the underlying molecular mechanisms.
Animals ; Humans ; Neural Conduction ; Sensation ; physiology ; Signal Transduction ; Transient Receptor Potential Channels ; metabolism ; physiology

Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is recognized as the major site of sympathetically activated nonshivering thermogenesis during cold exposure and after spontaneous hyperphagia, thereby controling whole-body energy expenditure and body fat. In adult humans, BAT has long been believed to be absent or negligible, but recent studies using fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography, in combination with computed tomography, demonstrated the existence of metabolically active BAT in healthy adult humans. Human BAT is activated by acute cold exposure, being positively correlated to cold-induced increases in energy expenditure. The metabolic activity of BAT differs among individuals, being lower in older and obese individuals. Thus, BAT is recognized as a regulator of whole-body energy expenditure and body fat in humans as in small rodents, and a hopeful target combating obesity and related disorders. In fact, there are some food ingredients such as capsaicin and capsinoids, which have potential to activate and recruit BAT via activity on the specific receptor, transient receptor potential channels, thereby increasing energy expenditure and decreasing body fat modestly and consistently.
Adipose Tissue ; Adipose Tissue, Brown ; Adult ; Capsaicin ; Cold Temperature ; Energy Metabolism ; Humans ; Hyperphagia ; Obesity ; Rodentia ; Thermogenesis ; Transient Receptor Potential Channels

Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is a site of sympathetically activated non-shivering thermognenesis during cold exposure and after spontaneous hyperphagia, thereby involving in the autonomic regulation of energy balance and body fatness. Recent radionuclide studies have demonstrated the existence of metabolically active BAT in adult humans. Human BAT is activated by acute cold exposure, particularly in winter, and contributes to cold-induced increase in whole-body energy expenditure. The metabolic activity of BAT is lower in older and obese individuals. The inverse relationship between the BAT activity and body fatness suggests that BAT, because of its energy dissipating activity, is protective against body fat accumulation. In fact, either repeated cold exposure or daily ingestion of some food ingredients acting on transient receptor potential channels recruited BAT in association with increased energy expenditure and decreased body fatness. Thus, BAT is a promising target for combating obesity and related metabolic disorders in humans.
Adipose Tissue ; Adipose Tissue, Brown ; Adult ; Animals ; Eating ; Energy Metabolism ; Humans ; Hyperphagia ; Mice ; Obesity ; Transient Receptor Potential Channels

The temperature-sensitive transient receptor potential (TRP) channels, is also called thermo TRP, including TRPV1, TRPV2, TRPV3, TRPV4, TRPM8 and TRPA1, which are expressed in sensory neurons and non-neuronal cells (e.g.keratinocyte, mast cell) of the skin. Thermo TRP channels are activated/sensitized by physical and chemical mediators, which participate in thermosensation and thermoregulation, so that they are key players in pruritus or pain pathogenesis. Thermo TRP channels are also involved in cutaneous neurogenic inflammation, thus they are regarded as molecular targets for future therapy in skin inflammation, pruritus and pain. In addition, following a basic syntax and molecular substrate of nociception and pruriception established by TRP channels-centered concept, the sensory categories can be distinguished and re-defined. Thermo TRP channels should be taken into account when analyzing the pathogenesis and management of itch or pruritic dermatosis.
Humans ; Inflammation ; metabolism ; physiopathology ; Inflammation Mediators ; physiology ; Pruritus ; metabolism ; Sensory Receptor Cells ; metabolism ; Skin ; innervation ; metabolism ; Thermoreceptors ; metabolism ; Transient Receptor Potential Channels ; metabolism ; physiology

In this study, we investigated the mechanism of linoleic acid-stimulated increase in intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca(2+)](i)) in pancreatic islet β-cells. Pancreatic islet cells were primarily isolated from rats and cultured for the experiments. The cells were loaded with Fluo-3/AM, the indicator of [Ca(2+)](i), and the intensity of Fluo-3 was measured using confocal microscope. The islet β-cells were identified by immunocytochemical staining with insulin antibody after recording. The drugs were given by perfusion system. The results showed that linoleic acid (20 μmol/L) stimulated [Ca(2+)](i) increase with the first peak increase and the following plateau increase. Linoleic acid-stimulated [Ca(2+)](i) increase was partly inhibited by removal of extracellular calcium and by transient receptor potential (TRP) channel blocker, La(3+), and it was totally blocked by exhaustion of intracellular calcium stores and inhibition of phospholipase C. It is concluded that linoleic acid stimulates [Ca(2+)](i) increase in islet β-cells through both extracellular calcium influx via TRP channels and calcium release from intracellular calcium stores.
Animals ; Calcium ; metabolism ; Insulin-Secreting Cells ; cytology ; metabolism ; Linoleic Acid ; pharmacology ; Male ; Primary Cell Culture ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Transient Receptor Potential Channels ; antagonists & inhibitors

The theory of herbal properties of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is an indispensable part of theoretical system of TCM and plays an important role in the clinical prescription and application of TCM. In this theoretical system, the theory of four herbal properties takes a core and dominant position and becomes an indispensable part of TCM natures and actions. In combination of studies and experience, this essay proposes the latest discovery in modern biology-modern scientific connotation of cold and hot herbal properties on the basis of cold and hot perceptions of organism on the basis of analysis and summary of TRP channel protein and correlation of cold and hot perceptions of organism and thermoregulation, which is an effective approach to make breakthroughs in studies on modernization drive of the theory of four herbal properties of TCM.
Animals ; Body Temperature Regulation ; drug effects ; Drug Therapy ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; chemistry ; therapeutic use ; Humans ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; Perception ; drug effects ; Transient Receptor Potential Channels ; genetics ; metabolism