The present study was primarily designated as “Chino-Japanese cooperative study on physical fitness of junior track and field athletes” (1989) . The participants were male and female track runners of both countries ranging in age from 13 to 17 years.
Skeletal age and stature for each sex and athletic event for the present series were compared between the two countries. The data of the present series were then compared with the earlier series, that is, the reference data derived from “Chino-Japanese cooperative study on physical fitness of children and youth” (1986) .
Regarding the mean skeletal age of reference data (13 to 17 yrs.), the Japanese are more advanced (0.6 years in boys; 0.5 years in girls) than the Chinese, respectively. On the other hand, for the mean stature, the Chinese are taller (1.92cm in boys; 2.16cm in girls) .
In the present series, the mean differences for skeletal age between the two countries show a tendency to be smaller than those in the reference data (0.38 years for boys and 0.39 years for girls in 100m runners; 0.15 years for boys in 1500m runners and girls in 800m runners), respectively.
Although the mean differences of skeletal age between the two countries are becoming smaller, the stature of the Chinese boys and girls are getting taller than the Japanese (6.9cm in boys and 5.60cm in girls in 100m runners) . The mean differences are not so great as in 100m runners, however, it is 2.50cm in boys of 1500m runners and 4.05cm in girls of 800m runners.
Comparison of the athletic records between the two countries was made and in general little difference was found. The Chinese records are more complete than the Japanese and show statistically significant difference particularly in 17 years old.
In conclusion, the Chinese junior track runners seem to mature later skeletally or biologically than the Japanese, even though they are already taller than the Japanese. As a natural result, more gain in stature and more improvement in the athletic records will be expected for them. Otherwise some differences between the two countries in the process of sampling of the present study could be questioned.

We investigated the possible association between genetic polymorphisms in the dopamine receptor and serotonin transporter genes and the responses of schizophrenic patients treated with either risperidone or perospirone. The subjects comprised 27 patients with schizophrenia who were clinically evaluated both before and after treatment. The genotyping of the polymorphisms of the dopamine D2 receptor gene (DRD2) (rs1801028 and rs6277), the dopamine D4 receptor gene (DRD4) (120-bp tandem repeats and rs1800955), and serotonin transporter gene (5HTT)(variable number of tandem repeats; VNTR) were performed using the real-time polymerase chain reaction and sequencing. In DRD2 and 5HTT-VNTR, there were no significant correlations between clinical response and polymorphism in the case of risperidone, and for perospirone treatment it was impossible to analyze the clinical evaluation due to the absence of genotype information. On the other hand, in DRD4 there were significant correlations in the two-factor interaction effect on the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) between the two drugs [120-bp tandem repeat, p=0.003; rs1800955, p=0.043]. Although the small sample represents a serious limitation, these results suggest that variants in DRD4 are a predictor of whether treatment will be more effective with risperidone or with perospirone in individual patients.
Genotype ; Hand ; Humans ; Isoindoles ; Polymorphism, Genetic ; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Receptors, Dopamine ; Receptors, Dopamine D2 ; Receptors, Dopamine D4 ; Risperidone ; Schizophrenia ; Serotonin Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins ; Tandem Repeat Sequences ; Thiazoles

The aim of this study is to report the results of the workshop which was designed to define several indispensable conditions for the implementation of the compulsory clinical training. These conditions discussed include the guarantee of position and improvement of labor conditions for trainees, standard for the authorization of institutions receiving trainees, training curricula and teaching staff of institutions, and the certificate of qualification for the trainees after the compulsory training. The products of the workshop showed plans and guidelines to these conditions as seen in this paper.

The aim of this study is to report and analyze the results of a questionnaire concerning the present programs for the junior residents in the postgraduate clinical course in Japan.
A questionnaire was sent to the administrators or the persons in charge of the programs of 347 institutions including 80 university hospitals and 267 clinical training hospitalsas designated by the Ministry of Health and Welfare.
Answers to a questionnaire were returned by 271 institutions (78.1%). The results were analyzed and summarized as follows.
(1) About 95% of both university and clinical training hospitals have their own programs at present.
(2) In the substantial formula of programs, university hospitals have had straight or rotation form while the clinical hospitals have selected rotation or super rotate (comprehensive) form.
(3) The programs of university hospitals have started in majority before 1992 while those of clinical hospitals have began after 1993.
(4) The programs of university hospitals have contained the clinical training at the other departments or institutions in a significantly higher ratio compared to those of clinical hospitals.
(5) The check system for the evaluation of the programs has well functioned in half of both hospitals.
(6) For the assessment of the programs used, about half of the staffs of both university and clinical hospitals feel unsatisfactorily in their active programs.
(7) Concerning the intention to renewal or modification of their programs used, there were rather passive agreements in both university and clinical hospitals.