A study was performed to examine the effect of plasma lactate concentration on intravascular hemolysis during exercise. Seven men performed maximal and submaximal exercise on a cycle ergometer. The maximal exercise was performed as a graded exercise until exhaustion. The mean performance time of the maximal exercise was 15 min and 4 s. The submaximal exercise was performed for 30 min at 50% HRmax. Blood samples were obtained before, immediately after, and one hour after exercise. Plasma lactate concentration, hematocrit (Ht), and serum haptoglobin concentration (Hp) were measured. Hp was corrected by Ht for hemoconcentration and expressed as HpC. Plasma lactate concentration was elevated significantly (p<0.05) immediately after maximal exercise, and returned to the baseline values one hour after exercise, whereas plasma lactate concentration did not change after submaximal exercise. Hp and HpC did not change even after maximal exercise. These results suggest that the elevation in plasma lactate concentration may not affect intravascular hemolysis during exercise.

The purpose of this study was to determine the physiological responses, stroke rate and stroke length of front crawl leg kick and arm stroke of age-group and college swimmers and to elucidate the characteristics of male age-group swimmers, which have not been highlighted adequately. The subjects were ten 11.8-to 12.4-year-old well-trained male elementary school swimmers (group E) and nine 20.1-to 21.1-year-old well-trained male college swimmers (group C) . All the subjects were categorized into similar swimming levels for their ages. All the experiments were performed in a swimming flume (AQUAGYM made by IHI) . The water velocities during leg kicking and arm stroking were 60 and 70%, respectively, of the maximal velocity at maximal oxygen uptake (Vmax) . The oxygen uptake (VO₂), heart rate (HR), pulmonary ventilation (V_E), tidal volume (TV), respiratory rate (RR) and blood lactate (BL) level of each group were significantly higher during leg kicking than arm stroking at both velocities. VO2, V_E; and TV were significantly higher in group C than group E during leg kicking and arm stroking at both velocities, but HR, RR and BL did not differ significantly. The leg kick to arm stroke VO₂ ratio at 70% Vmax was significantly higher in group E than group C. The stroke rate at the same velocity was significantly lower and the stroke length was significantly higher in group C than group E, but the kick rate and length did not differ significantly. VO₂·SR^-1 and VO₂ KR^-1 at both velocities were significantly higher in group C than group E. VO₂ Wt^-1 SR^-1 at 70% Vmax was significantly higher in group C than group E, but VO₂ Wt^-1 KR^-1 at both velocities was significantly lower in group C than group E. These results clarified the differences between group E and group C, which must be considered carefully when designing a training program for age-group swimmers.

Since January, 1981 to December, 1990, eight patients (one male, 7 female) of Stanford A type aortic dissection underwent surgical treatments with deep hypothermic circulatory arrest. The average was age 59.6 years (range 50 to 72 years). All of them were diagnosed with UCG and/or CT before operation. Two cases had already been in shock state due to cardiac tamponade. Three cases had aortic insufficiency and one had neurological deficit. After median sternotomy, right atrial-femoral artery bypass was established. Right atrium was incised and coronary sinus was cannulated. Then retrograde coronary infusion of cardioplegic solution was employed at a continuous flow rate of 20ml/kg/hr. The mean rectal temperature was 19.6°C and the mean circulatory arrest time was 35.5min (22-58min). Two of eight cases died, because of DIC followed by necrotizing enteritis at 28th postoperative day, and prolonged shock state before operation. The rest were all survived without any neurological deficits. There were no severe complications related to deep hypothermia. We concluded that deep hypothermic arrest is safe and simple method, allows good inspection of operative field and makes it easier to repair the dissected aorta.

A study was conducted to clarify the exercise intensity and metabolic condition during a free routine of synchronized swimming with respect to heart rate (HR), blood lactate concentration (La) and the rate of perceived exertion (RPE) . Six well trained female synchronized swimmers participated as subjects. HR during the free routine was measured continuously. La and RPE during the free routine were measured intermittently from the start to end of each stage. Maximum heart rate (swimmingHRmax : S-HRmax) was determined by measurement of maximum oxygen uptake using a swimming flume. Peak blood lactate concentration (Peak La) was measured after the maximum front crawl stroke of 100 m. The average values and S. D. of S-HRmax and Peak La were 180.0±3.8 beats · min^-1 and 9.6 ± 1.0 mmol · 1^-1, respectively. Average values, S. D. and ranges of HR and %S-HRmax during the free routine were 137.6±25.5 (60-180) beats · min^-1 and 76.5± 14.3 (34.5-96.8) %, respectively. HR during the free routine showed a decrease in the breath-holding phase. Average values and S. D. of La, %Peak La and RPE at the fourth stage were 5.4±1.2mmol·1^-1, 57.0±17.2% and 17.7±0.8, respectively. La, %Peak La and RPE at the fourth stage were significantly higher than those at the other stages, and La, %Peak La and RPE at the third stage were significantly higher than those at the second stage. These results suggested that the overall intensity of the free routine was moderate, but that part of the free routine included high-intensity activity and the percentage of anaerobic metabolism during the free routine increased in the final stages

Large language models (LLMs) such as ChatGPT have garnered considerable interest for their potential to aid non-native English-speaking researchers. These models can function as personal, round-the-clock English tutors, akin to how Prometheus in Greek mythology bestowed fire upon humans for their advancement. LLMs can be particularly helpful for non-native researchers in writing the Introduction and Discussion sections of manuscripts, where they often encounter challenges.However, using LLMs to generate text for research manuscripts entails concerns such as hallucination, plagiarism, and privacy issues; to mitigate these risks, authors should verify the accuracy of generated content, employ text similarity detectors, and avoid inputting sensitive information into their prompts. Consequently, it may be more prudent to utilize LLMs for editing and refining text rather than generating large portions of text. Journal policies concerning the use of LLMs vary, but transparency in disclosing artificial intelligence tool usage is emphasized. This paper aims to summarize how LLMs can lower the barrier to academic writing in English, enabling researchers to concentrate on domain-specific research, provided they are used responsibly and cautiously.

Objective: To examine whether quantitative analysis of videofluoroscopic swallowing study (VFSS) images can quantitatively demonstrate the pathophysiology of swallowing disorders in patients.Methods: In total, 71 patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) (mean age 73.4±7.2 years) and 45 patients with sarcopenia (mean age 81.7±4.8 years) were included in the pathological group in this study. The control group comprised 151 individuals without swallowing disorders (mean age 76.0±7.6 years). To examine the distinctive features of swallowing dynamics in the pathological and control groups, a quantitative analysis of VFSS images was conducted. VFSS analysis parameters included measures of bolus movement, such as oral transit time (OTD), pharyngeal transit time (PTD), total transit time (TTD), and stage transition duration (STD). Furthermore, the onset and duration of movements in swallowing organs, including the soft palate, hyoid bone, epiglottis, and upper esophageal sphincter, were measured. VFSS was conducted using a 3-mL liquid bolus.Results: In the PD group, the swallowing disorder features included extended OTD, PTD, TTD, delayed STD, delayed onset times of the soft palate and epiglottis, and shortened movement duration. The sarcopenia group revealed a shortened movement duration in the hyoid bone and epiglottis.Conclusion: The quantitative analysis of VFSS permitted the assessment of swallowing dynamics. The abnormalities observed during swallowing movements in the PD and sarcopenia groups indicated specific pathophysiologies of these conditions, underscoring the utility of VFSS image analysis in understanding swallowing disorders.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: The influences of Helicobacter pylori eradication therapy on the disease course of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are still unclear. We therefore conducted a multicenter, retrospective cohort study to evaluate the safety of H. pylori eradication therapy for IBD patients. METHODS: IBD patients with H. pylori eradication from 2005 to 2015 (eradication group) and control patients (non-eradication group; 2 paired IBD patients without H. pylori eradication matched with each eradicated patient) were included. IBD exacerbation (increased/additional IBD drug or IBD-associated hospitalization/surgery) and disease improvement based on the physicians’ global assessment were investigated at baseline, and at 2 and 6 months after eradication or observation. RESULTS: A total of 429 IBD (378 ulcerative colitis, 51 Crohn’s disease) patients, comprising 144 patients in the eradication group and 285 patients in the non-eradication group, were enrolled at 25 institutions. IBD exacerbation was comparable between groups (eradication group: 8.3% at 2 months [odds ratio, 1.76; 95% confidence interval, 0.78–3.92; P=0.170], 11.8% at 6 months [odds ratio, 1.60; 95% confidence interval, 0.81–3.11; P=0.172]). Based on the physicians’ global assessment at 2 months, none of the patients in the eradication group improved, whereas 3.2% of the patients in the non-eradication group improved (P=0.019). Multivariate analysis revealed that active disease at baseline, but not H. pylori eradication, was an independent factor for IBD exacerbation during 2 months’ observation period. The overall eradication rate was 84.0%–comparable to previous reports in non-IBD patients. CONCLUSIONS: H. pylori eradication therapy does not alter the short-term disease activity of IBD.
Clarithromycin ; Cohort Studies ; Colitis, Ulcerative ; Helicobacter pylori* ; Helicobacter* ; Humans ; Inflammatory Bowel Diseases* ; Metronidazole ; Multivariate Analysis ; Retrospective Studies