Objective To study the effects of methylene blue(MB), a soluble guanylate cyclase inhibitor , on intestinal perfusion and oxygenation in dogs with septic shock.Methods A septic shock model was established by lipopolysaccharide infusion.After resuscitation with normal saline infusion,2mg/kg MB was infused within 15min in seven dogs.Blood flow of the superior mesenteric artery (SMA) was measured respectively at baseline,post shock for 1h, after resuscitation and 30min after MB injection.Blood gas analysis was done , and oxygenation was calculated.Results Blood flow of the SMA was significantly decreased by 61 8%(P0 0 5 ) ,butO2 extrincreasedby 14 8% .Conclusions Septicshockindogsresultsinadecreaseinintestinalperfusionandanincreasein oxygenextraction ,whichcanbeimprovedbyMBinjection .Theintestinalperfusionispartlyincreasedbyvolumetherapy .

Acid-sensing ion channels(ASICs) are a novel class of ligand-gated cation channels activated by extracellular acidification and belong to the epithelial sodium channels(DEG/ENaC) superfamily.Their biological functions have recently been found not only in the central nervous system but also relevant to the physiology and pathology of non-neuronal tissues such as taste buds, cardiovascular system and bones.This review concerns the latest research on the expression and functions of ASICs in non-neuronal tissues so as to promote the understanding of their physiological and pathological functions.

Objective:To detect the characteristics of vascular remodeling after carotid balloon injury model in rats using ultrasound biomicroscopy(UBM), and to discuss the application value of UBM technique by comparing ultrasonic characteristics with histopathological results.Methods:Carotid balloon injury was performed in 10-week-old SD rats(11 female and 11 male) by 2F Fogarty balloon catheter. The left common carotid artery(CCA) was injured and the right side in the same animal was used as an uninjured control. Arterial structures and hemodynamics were evaluated pre-procedure and post-procedure at 7, 14 days.The intima-media thickness(IMT) inner diameter, outer diameter, lumen area, vessel area, peak systolic velocity, end diastolic velocity of CCA were measured by UBM, and the vascular resistance index, shear stress and blood flow were calculated to evaluate the vascular hemodynamics. The histological data were obtained by H&E staining in cross-sections at 14 days after balloon injury. The characteristics of arterial structure and hemodynamic changes at various time points were compared, the structural changes of CCA between injured and control side after injury were compared. The Spearman correlation and linear regression were used to test the correlation between ultrasonic and histological measurements 14 days after balloon injury.Results:①Compared with pre-procedure, the IMT at 14 days after balloon injury was increased, the inner diameter was decreased, the shear stress in ultrasound was increased(all P<0.05). H&E staining histological test showed that IMT and neointima area in male rats were larger than those of female rats (all P<0.001). ②After carotid balloon injury, the lumen area decreased, but the CCA underwent compensatory positive remodeling and the vessel area increased. ③Significant correlations were demonstrated between UBM and histology in IMT, inner diameter, outer diameter and vessel area of CCA( rs=0.819, 0.965, 0.896, 0.955; all P<0.001). The vessel area value measured by UBM was larger than that of histology( P=0.006). Conclusions:The CCA of rats can be showed clearly by UBM in males and females. The arterial structure cab be measured by UBM accurately with good correlation with histology, as did arterial hemodynamic parameters, which may be benefit for the study in carotid balloon injury model of rats.

Objective:To explore the clinical characteristics and risk factors of abnormal urinary albumin/creatinine ratio(UACR) in obese population.Methods:Baseline data from 2011 to 2012 in Henan Sub-center of"Risk Evaluation of cAncers in Chinese diabeTic Individuals: A lONgitudinal(REACTION) study"were utilized and those of body mass index≥28 kg/m 2 were screened. The patients were divided into UACR normal group and UACR abnormal group(101 pairs) upon being matched on a 1∶1 basis by age and gender. Multivariate logistic regression analysis, receiver operating characteristic(ROC) curve, and restricted cubic spline(RCS)analysis were performed to explore the risk factors for abnormal UACR. Results:Compared with the normal UACR group, the UACR abnormal group had a higher number of alcohol consumers, a higher prevalence of hypertension, elevated systolic blood pressure, and triglyceride(all P<0.05). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that alcohol consumption( P=0.008), systolic blood pressure( P<0.001), triglyceride( P=0.049), and homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance(HOMA-IR, P=0.033) were independent risk factors for abnormal UACR in obese people. The ROC curve analysis indicated that systolic blood pressure had the strongest diagnostic performance as a single factor(ROC curve area=0.801), and there was no significant difference in diagnostic performance compared to multiple factors combination. RCS analysis results showed that the probability of abnormal UACR increased monotonically with the increase of systolic blood pressure when the systolic blood pressure was between 130 and 158 mmHg(1 mmHg=0.133 kPa). When systolic blood pressure was not in the interval, the probability of abnormal UACR did not change significantly. The results of regression analysis of triglyceride subgroup showed that when triglyceride level was greater than or equal to 5.6 mmol/L, the risk of abnormal UACR level was significantly increased( P=0.029). Conclusion:Systolic blood pressure, triglyceride, HOMA-IR, and alcohol drinking history are independent risk factors for abnormal UACR in obese people. When systolic blood pressure is≥130 mmHg or triglyceride is≥5.6 mmol/L, the risk of abnormal UACR is significantly increased.