Objective To study the leaf morphology and structure of Cyclocarya paliurus.Methods Foliar maceration,preparation of venation order,sectioning paraffin blocks,and scanning electron microscope were used to study the leaf morphology and structure.Results Cuticular papillates,glandular hairs,peltate scales,and non-glandular hairs presented on the leaf epidermis of C.paliurus.Anomocytic stomata were confined to the lower epidermis.Large cluster crystals existed in the uppermost layer of palisade cells.Midrib included one closed vascular system and one additional vascular strand.Secondary veins are semicraspedodromous and form marginal loops,tertiary veins are percurrent,quaternary veins form orthogonal or polygonal areoles filled up by branched and freely ended veinlets.Conclusion These structure characteristics are first reported and are useful for leaf identification of C.paliurus from other Juglandaceae plants.

Object To study the botanic characteristics of leaves from three plants of Goniothalamus (Bl.) Hook. f. et Thoms. in order to correctly distinguish them from numerous plants of the genus, which are important resource of anticancer medicine.Methods The maceration method and paraffin method were used to study the epidermis and structures of leaves from G. griffithii Hook. f. et Thoms., G. leiocarpus (W. T. Wang) P. T. Li and G. yunnanensis W. T. Wang. Results Three leaves were morphologically similar in the structure, but there were some anatomical differences among them. For example, the absence of druses in the epidermis and the presence of fibrous sclereids in the lamina mesophyll of leaves from G. griffithii, while the presence of druses in epidermis and the absence of fibrous sclereids in lamina mesophyll of the leaves from G. griffithii and G. yunnanensis were observed. In addition, epidermal hairs of G. griffithii were composed of three cells, stomatas were always normal, there were seven oil cells and 25 mucilage cells per mm leaf width in lamina mesophyll and the vascular tissue of the midrib consisting of ten small bundles. However, epidermal hairs of G. yunnanensis were composed of two cells, many abortive stomatas were present at the distal surface, there were only four oil cells and 16 mucilage cells per mm leaf width and the vascular tissue of the midrib consisted of 12 small bundles.Conclusion Three species were easily identified on the basis of epidermal and structural characters of the leaves of them.

Objective:To investigate the role of dendritic cells (DC) in Chlamydia muridarum ( Cm) respiratory infection and their effect on adaptive immune response. Methods:C57BL/6 mice were exposed to 1×10 3 inclusion-forming units (IFU) of Cm through inhalation to establish the mouse model of Cm respiratory infection. The proportion of CD11c + MHCⅡ + DC and the expression of costimulatory molecules (CD40, CD80 and CD86) in spleen tissues were detected by flow cytometry on 0, 3 and 7 d after infection. The expression of IL-12p40, IL-10 and IL-6 at mRNA level in spleen tissues was detected by qPCR. Mouse splenic DC isolated on 7 d after Cm infection were sorted by magnetic beads and then transferred to recipient mice. Th1 response in the recipient mice was measured using intracellular cytokine staining 14 d after infection. Results:Cm respiratory infection induced massive infiltration of DC and promoted the expression of costimulatory molecules on splenic DC. The expression of IL-12 and IL-10 at mRNA level in splenic DC reached the peak on 3 d after infection. Transferring the splenic DC of Cm-infected mice into the recipient mice could alleviate the disease condition in the recipient mice after Cm infection with reduced Cm inclusion-forming units in lung tissues and significantly increased proportion of Th1 cells in lung and spleen tissues. Conclusions:Cm respiratory infection could induce the maturation and activation of DC, which promoted Th1 immune response. DC played an important role in Cm infection.

Objective:To investigate the effects of Chlamydia muridarum ( Cm) respiratory tract infection on the infiltration and polarization of alveolar macrophages (AMs) and pulmonary interstitial macrophages (IMs). Methods:A C57BL/6 mouse model of Cm respiratory tract infection was established through nasal inhalation. Flow cytometry was used to detect AMs (CD45 + F4/80 + CD11c + ) and IMs (CD45 + F4/80 + CD11c -) in lung tissues at 0, 3, 7 and 14 d after Cm respiratory tract infection. The proportions of M1 (CD80 + , CD86 + , MHCⅡ + , iNOS + ) and M2 (CD206 + , Arg1 + ) macrophages in AMs and IMs were also detected. Results:(1) Cm respiratory tract infection induced the infiltration of AMs and IMs. Compared with the uninfected group (0 d), the proportions and the numbers of AMs and IMs of were significantly increased 3 d after infection ( P<0.05, P<0.01). The numbers of AMs and IMs reached the peak 7 d after infection ( P<0.001). (2) Compared with the uninfected group, the proportions of CD80 + and CD86 + cells in AMs were significantly up-regulated 3 d after infection ( P<0.05, P<0.01); the proportion of MHCⅡ + cells in AMs increased after infection and reached the peak at 14 d ( P<0.05), while the proportion of CD206 + cells decreased after infection ( P<0.05). (3) Compared with the uninfected group, the proportions of CD80 + and CD86 + cells in IMs were increased 3 d after infection ( P<0.05, P<0.001) and the proportion of MHCⅡ + cells was significantly increased 14 d after infection ( P<0.01), while there was no significant change in the proportion of CD206 + cells. (4) In AMs, the proportion of iNOS + cells increased continuously after infection ( P<0.01), while the proportion of Arg1 + cells decreased continuously after infection, especially at 7 d and 14 d ( P<0.05). In IMs, the proportion of iNOS + cells reached the peak at 7 d ( P<0.001), but the proportion of Arg1 + cells showed no significant change after infection. Conclusions:Cm respiratory tract infection induced the infiltration of AMs and IMs, stimulated the polarization of AMs and IMs towards the M1 phenotype and weakened the polarization of AMs to M2 macrophages, but had no significant influence on the polarization of IMs towards the M2 phenotype.