Objective To investigate the distribution of killer immunoglobulin-like receptor(KIR) genes in Qingdao Han population and its difference from other populations.Methods The KIR genotypes of 81 cascs were examined by PCR-SSP,and the gene frequencies were calculated and compared to those of other populations.Result Fourteen KIR genes and 2 pseudo genes were found and all had different gene frequencies.Conclusion All inhibit-gene frequencies are higher than their active-gene frequencies.KIR gene frequencies are different between the southern and northern Chinese Han people.Many of them increase gradually from the south to the north.The KIR gene distributions of Korean and Japanese populations are close to the Northern Chinese Han population.

OBJECTIVE To construct eukaryotic expression vectors for human ABO and subgroup genes A101, B101, CisAB01, Ael05, B(A)04 and Bw03, and validate their expression in vitro. METHODS Total RNA was isolated from individuals with the A101 and B101 subgroups. cDNA of A101 and B101 was synthesized by reverse transcription and amplified with specific primers. Subgroup genes CisAB01, Ael05, B(A)04 and Bw03 were then amplified with PCR for site-directed mutagenesis. Fragments of the ABO genes were directionally linked to pcDNA3.1 positive-eukaryotie expression vectors. After antibiotic screening, the sequences were analyzed. The vectors were transfected into Hela cells, and the expression of target proteins was detected by Western blotting and immunofluorescence assay. RESULTS Sanger sequencing has confirmed that pDNA3.1-A101, pDNA3.1-CisAB01, pDNA3.1-Ael05, pDNA3.1-B101, pDNA3.1- B(A)04, pDNA3.1-Bw03 positive-eukaryotic expression vector were successfully constructed. The results of Western blotting and immunofluorescence revealed clear presence of the expressed proteins. CONCLUSION Eukaryotic expression vectors for ABO subgroup genes were successfully constructed and worked well in Hela cells in vitro, which can facilitate further study of the ABO blood group proteins.

It is no doubt that informed consent is the due right of voluntary blood donors, and valid disclosure is the obligatory duty of blood collection and supply agencies. Although various standards and guidelines on informed consent for blood donors were issued by many countries and international organizations, but the necessary and appropriate constituent elements for valid disclosure are not consistent. Moreover, the elements are evolving constantly and continuously with social changes. This paper discusses the current elements and gives practical suggestions of informed consent for blood donors at home and abroad.

Occult hepatitis C infection (OCI) is defined as HCV RNA not detected in serum or plasma but in hepatocytes and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). OCI exists in general population and voluntary blood donors, and its infectivity and risk of transmission by transfusion has been confirmed. HCV RNA in PBMCs could not be detected in plasma or serum by blood screening in transfusion services, neither by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay nor by nucleic acid amplification testing. OCI has become a potential threat to transfusion safety, therefore effective detection technologies and transmission blocking strategies need to be further developed.

Morita therapy has been bom for more than 100 years.Inpatient Morita therapy is highly oper-able and easy to master.It can improve many refractory neuroses through four-stage treatment.But more neuroses are treated in outpatient clinics,and Morita therapy cannot be used in hospitalized patients.Therefore,the formula-tion of expert opinions on outpatient operations is particularly important.This paper is based on domestic and for-eign references,and after many discussions by domestic Morita therapy experts,and then drew up the first version of the expert opinions on operation of outpatient Morita therapy.Meanwhile the operation rule of Morita therapy in three stages of outpatient treatment was formulated:in the etiological analysis stage,under the theoretical guidance of Morita therapy,analyze the pathogenic factors,to improve treatment compliance and reduce resistance;during the operating stage,guide patients to engage in constructive and meaningful actions,realizing the achievement of letting nature take its course principle;in the cultivating character and enriching life stage,pay attention to positive infor-mation,expanding the scope and content of actions,improving the ability to adapt to complex life,and preventing recurrence caused by insufficient abilities.It will lay a foundation for the promotion of Morita therapy in domestic outpatient clinics,so that more patients with neurosis and other psychological diseases could receive characteristic Morita therapy treatment in outpatient clinics.