Objective To investigate the causes of acute renal failure(ARF)after orthtopic liver transplantation(OLT)in patients of acute liver failure(ALF)and the effects of systemic therapy based on continuous renal replacement(CRRT).Methods Clinical data of 412 patients who underwent liver transplantations between January 2001 and June 2006 were analyzed retrospectively (all the cases were followed up to June 2007).According to UNOS grading scale,54 patients were of acute liver failure(UNOS 1 and 2A).Posttransplant ARF developing in 17 cases underwent a systemic therapy based on CRRT as well as anti-rejection,anti-infection and nutrition support.The perioperative courses,complications,causes of death and follow up results were analyzed.Results There were no severe complications during CRRT.Perioperative mortality was 5.4%and 58.8%in patients without ARF and those with ARF respectively.the rate of complications was 35.1%vs 100%.1 year survival rate Was 89.2% vs 41.2%.3 year survival rate was 81.1% vs 41.2%.Condusions The effect of surgery mainly depends on the function of liver and other vital organs.The ALF recipients suffered from a high perioperative mortality,especially those with posttransplant ARL.The systemic therapy based on CRRT benefits patients with postoperative ARF.

0.05).The variced recurrence rate in 1- and 2-year were 12% (3/25) and 20% (5/25) in TH glue group,and 39.1% (9/23) and 86.9%(20/23) in control group (P

Objecttve To compare the positional and volumetric differences of planning target volumes(PTVs)based on axial three-dimensional CT(3D-CT)and four-dimensional CT(4D-CT)for the primary tumor of non-small cell lung cancer(NSCLC).Methods Sixteen NSCLC patients with lesions located in the upper lobe and 12 patients with lesions in middle and lower lobes,totally 28 patients, initially underwent three-dimensional CT scans followed by 4D-CT scans of the thorax under normal free breathing.PTVvector was defined on gross tumor volume (GTV) contoured on 3D-CT and its motion vector. The clinical target volumes(CTVs)were created by adding 7 mm to GTVs,then, internal target volume (ITVs)were produced by enlarging CTVs isotropically based on the individually measured amount of motion in the 4D-CT,lastly,PTVs were created by adding 3 mm setup margin to ITVs. PTV4D was defined on the fusion of CTVs on all phases of the 4D data.The CTV wag generated by adding7 mm to the GTV on each phase.then,PIVs were produced by fusing CTVs on 10 phases and adding 3 mm setup margin.The position of the target center,the volume of target and the degree of inclusion(DI)were compared reciprocally between the PTVvector and the PTV 4D The difference of the position,volume and degree of inclusion of the targets between PTVvecter and PTV4D were compared,and the relevance between the relative characters of the targets and the three-dimensional vector was analyzed based on the groups of the patients. Results The median of the 3 D motion vector for the lesions in the upper lobe was 2.8 mm, significantly lower than that for the lesions in the middle and lower lobe ( 7.0 mm, z = - 3. 485, P < 0. 05 ). In the upper lobe group there was only significant spatial difference between the PTVvector and PTV4D targets in the center coordinate at the x axe (z = -2. 010, P < 0. 05 ), while in the middle and lower lobes there was only significant spatial difference between the PTVvector and PTV4D targets in the center coordinates at the z axe (z = -2. 136,P <0.05). The median of ratio of PTV4D and PTVvector, of the upper lobe group was 0. 75, significantly higher than that of the middle and lower lobes group (0. 52, z = - 2. 949, P < 0. 05 ).A significant correlation was found for the motion vector and the ratio of PTV and PTV4D in both groups ( r = - 0. 638, - 0. 850, P < 0. 05 ). For all patients, the median of D[ of PTV4D in PTVvector was 66. 39% ,while the median of DI of PTVvector, in PTV4D was 99. 55% , both showed a positive significant correlation with the motion vector (r = -0. 814,0. 613 ,P < 0. 05). Conclusions PTV4D defined based on 4D-CT simulation images is obviously less than PTV defined based on 3D-CT simulation images. The ratio and DI of both targets are related with the three-dimensional motion vector of the tumor.

Objective To compare positional and volumetric differences of internal gross tumor volume (IGTV) delineated separately by three approaches based on four-dimensional CT (4DCT) for the primary tumor of non-small cell lung cancer (NLCLC). Methods Twenty-one patients with NLCLC underwent big bore 4DCT simulation scan of the thorax. IGTVs of the primary tumor of NSCLC were tumor on the MIP images were delineated to produce IGTVMIP. The position of the target center, the volume of target, the degree of inclusion (DI) and the matching index (MI) were compared reciprocally between IGTV10, IGTVEI+EE and IGTVMIP. Results Average differences between the position of the center of IGTVs on direction of x,y and z axes were less than 1 mm, with no statistically significant difference. The volume of IGTV10 was larger than that of IGTVEI+EE, the difference was statistically significant (t=2.37,P=0.028);the volume of IGTV10 was larger than that of IGTVMIP, but the difference was not statistically significant(t=1.95 ,P=0.065). The ratio of IGTVEI+EE with IGTV10, IGTVMIP with IGTV10 were 0.85±0.08 and 0.92±0.11, respectively. DI of IGTVEI+EE in IGTV10, IGTVMIP in IGTV10 were 84.78% ± 8. 95% and 88.47% ±9.04%. MI between IGTV10 and IGTVEI+EE, IGTV10 and IGTVMIP were 0.85 ±0.09, 0.86±0. 09, respectively. Conclusions The center displacement of the IGTVs delineated separately by the three different techniques based on 4DCT images are not obvious; IGTVEI+EE and IGTVMIP can not replace IGTV10 , however , IGTVMIP is more close to IGTV10 comparing to IGTVEI+EE . The ratio of GTVEI+EE with IGTV10 is correlated to the tumor motion vector. As the vector increases, the ratio of GTVEI+EE with IGTV10decreases, especially for small tumors.

Objective To study the feasibility of defining the internal gross tumor volume (IGTV) of hepatocellular carcinoma applying the enhanced four-dimensional computed tomography (4DCT) images with deformable registration technology.Methods Ten HCC patients who accepted radiation therapy were selected in this study.The 4DCT in free breathing,non-enhanced 3DCT and arterial phase enhanced 3DCT in end inspiration breath holding associated with active breathing coordinator were acquired sequentially.4DCT were sorted into ten series CT images according to breath phase,and named CT00,CT10..…CT90.Gross tumor volume (GTV) were contoured on different CT series and the IGTV1 was merged by ten phases GTVs of 4DCT.The GTV of enhanced 3DCT was registered to different CT series of 4DCT and the IGTVDR was obtained by merging the GTVs after deformable registration.The target volumes differences were compared by paired t-test.Results The edge of tumor was difficult to define on 4DCT and non-enhanced 3DCT images.The enhanced 3DCT image showed clearer tumor edge,and the GTV increased by mean 37.99％ compared to GTV on 4DCT different series images and non-enhanced 3DCT image (P =0.002).The GTV after deformable registration on 4DCT different phase images increased by mean 36.34％ (P =0.011),which were similar to GTV on enhanced 3DCT image (P =0.632).The IGTVDR increased by 19.91％ (P =0.017),compared to IGTV1.Conclusions The contrast-enhanced 4DCT image which was obtained by combining enhanced 3DCT and 4DCT images with deformable registration technology could raise the position precision of the HCC IGTV effectively.

Objective To explore the effect of respiration on dose accumulation for target volume and normal liver in radiotherapy for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) while applying 4D-CT and deformable registration.Methods Nineteen HCC patients who had received transcatheter arterial chemoembolization were enrolled in this study.All patients underwent 3D-and 4D-CT simulation in free breathing.The 3D dose (Dose-3D) was calculated from the treatment planning designed on the 3D-CT image.The Dose-3D then was recalculated on ten phases of 4D-CT images respectively,and the end-inspiration and end-expiration doses were defined as Dose El and Dose-EE.The 4D dose (Dose-4D) was obtained by deforming and accumulating ten-phase doses of 4D-CT images on the end-expiration phase image.The dosimetric differences of planning target volume and normal liver were compared among Dose-3D,Dose-4D,Dose-EI and Dose-EE.Results The D99 and D95of planning target volume (PTV) in Dose-3D were higher than those of Dose-4D,Dose-Fl and Dose EE (x2 =32.75,26.31,P ＜ 0.05).The conformal index (CI) and homogeneity index (HI) in Dose-3D were better than those of Dose-4D,Dose-E1 and Dose-EE,in which CI decreased from 0.78 to0.63,0.60 and 0.57,while HI increased from 0.08 to 0.15,0.16 and 0.19 (x2 =37.80,31.86,P ＜0.05).No statistically significant differences were found in dosimetric indices of PTV between Dose-4D and Dose EI,Dose-EE,and between Dose-El and Dose-EE (P ＞ 0.05).The mean dose (D),V5,V10,V20,V30 and V40 of normal liver were similar among four dose distributions (P ＞ 0.05).Conclusions More objective and precise dose distribution for target volume and normal liver could be obtained by applying both 4D-CT and deformable registration,which is beneficial to accurately predicting the dosevolume indices of radiation-induced liver injury and offering more reliable evidence of escalation for target dose.

Objective To compare the dosimetric differences of three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy (3D-CRT), intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) and volumetric modulated arc radiotherapy(V-MAT) for external beam partial breast irradiation.Methods Twelve patients with breast cancer receiving breast-conserving surgery and external beam partial breast irradiation were enrolled.Three different techniques including 3D-CRT,IMRT and V-MAT were designed for each patient.The dosimetry in the target,the dose to the organs at risk(OAR),the MU and delivery time were compared.Results All three plans met the clinical requirement. 3D-CRT showed the worst conformity in target. V-MAT provided the lowest target coverage and homogeneity in target.3D-CRT plans showed the lowest values for the V5,V10,mean dose and the highest values for V30 in the ipsilateral lung.No statistically significant differences were observed in V20 of the ipsilateral lung among three plans.V-MAT showed the lowest values in ipsilateral normal breast volume 15,20 and 25 Gy post-irradiation.For V5,the mean and max dose in heart,the mean dose in contralateral lung and the mean,max dose in thyroid,IMRT and 3D-CRT showed the highest and lowest value respectively(z =-2.94 - -2.09,P ＜ 0.05 ).The MUs in 3D-CRT,IMRT and V-MAT were 417.6 ± 34.4,772.8 ± 54.4 and 631.0 ± 109.0,respectively (z =- 2.93, - 2.76,-2.93,P ＜ 0.05 ). V-MAT significantly reduced the delivery time. Conclusions V-MAT shows significant advantages in reducing the dose in the ipsilateral normal breast and the delivery time compared with 3D-CRT and IMRT.

ObjectiveTo explore the correlation between the respiration-induced clinical target volume (CTV) motion and volume variation and the dosimetric variation of planning target volume (PTV) and organs at risk (OAR) during free-breathing (FB) with whole breast intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT).MethodsSeventeen patients with breast conserving surgery underwent respiration-synchronized four-dimentional computed tomography (4DCT) simulation scans on the state of FB.The treatment plan was constructed using the end-inspiration phase scan,then copied and applied to the other respiratory phases.The dose distribution was calculated separately to evaluate the dose-volume histograms parameters for the PTV,ipsilateral lung and heart.ResultsDuring FB,the CTV motion vector was (2.09 ±0.74) mm,and the volume variation was (3.05 ± 0.94) ％.There was no correlation between the volume variation of CTV and dosimetric variation of PTV/OAR ( r =-0.390 -0.480,P =0.182 -0.775 ).In anteroposterior (AP),superoinferior (SI) and vector directions,the CTV movement correlated well with the PTV mean dose,conformal index,and the lung volume receiving high dose (V20,V30,V40,and V50;r=-0.975-0.791,P =0.000 -0.041 ).In SI and vector directions,the CTV displacement only correlated with the heart volume receiving ＞ 5 Gy ( V5 ) ( r =-0.795,0.687,P =0.006,0.028 ).The lung volume variation and the lung volume receiving high dose correlated reasonably well (r=0.655 -0.882,P=0.001-0.04 0).The heart volume variation only correlated with the V5 of heart (r =-0.701,P =0.024).ConclusionsDuring free-breathing,the effect of breast volume variation can be ignored for whole breast IMRT,and whole breast IMRT assisted with breath-hold may improve the accuracy of dose delivery during radiotherapy.

Objective To explore the influence of delineator and contouring criteria training on the delineation of the tumor bed and whole breast target after breast-conserving surgery.Methods Twelve brcast cancer patients after breast conserving surgery were selected.Tumor bed marked by clips was defined as gross target volume 1 (GTV1),tumor bed formed by seroma was defined as GTV2 and the whole breast was defined as clinical target volume (CTV).Five junior radiation oncologists first delineated GTV1,GTV2 and CTV for each patient following their own criteria.After contouring criteria training,they then delineated GTV1,GTV2 and CTV for the same group of patients again.The differences of the volumes of GTV1,GTV2 and CTV before and after training among different delineators were compared.One-way ANOVA or matching t-test was performed.Results The inter-delineator variability on GTV1,GTV2 and CTV delineation before training was statistically significant (F =11.16,7.54 and 3.78,P =0.000,0.000 and 0.009).After training,the inter-delineator variability on GTV1 and GTV2 delineation had statistical significance (t =4.78 and 4.24,P =0.002 and 0.005),but the inter-delineator variability on CTV delineation had no statistical significance (t =1.52,P =0.209).The coefficient of variance of the GTV1,GTV2 and CTV before and after training was significantly different (t =3.14,2.81,2.70,P =0.009,0.017 and 0.021).The matching index of GTV1,GTV2 and CTV before and after training was significantly different (F =16.08,8.61,8.48,P =0.000,0.000 and 0.000).Conclusions In delineating the target of breast cancer,application of the criteria of target delineation can reduce the difference among the delineators,especially for CTV.

ObjectiveTo evaluate the clinical efficiency and safety of cefmetazon in the prevention Department of General Surgery,First People's Hospital,Shanghai Jiaotong University,Shanghai 200080,Chinaand or treatment of infections in general surgery. MethodsA multicenter,prospective and open-labeled trial was conducted. In the prevention group,1700 patients were enrolled in clean-infection surgery,cefmetazon was given 1 g iv half an hour before the surgery started,and 1 g iv twice daily after the surgery for 3 days.Clinical response was evaluated in terms of both cure ( disappearance of pre treatment symptoms)and pathogen. In the treatment group,897 patients were diagnosed as peritonitis, cholecystitis and cholangitis,the patients were given cefmetazon 2 g iv twice a day for 7 - 14 days,clinical response and microbiological efficacy were assessed.ResultsIn prophylactic group,1449 patients were finally included.The clinical efficacy was 100％ (1449/1449).In the treatment group,a total of 897 patients were enrolled,and 110 patients failed for assessment of clinical efficacy,787 patients were included in the PPS population,the clinical efficacy was 90.7％ (714/787); Bacterial eradication rate was 92％ (46/50).Adverse reaction rates in prevention group and treatment group were 1.3％ (22/1700) and 1.2％ (11/897),including mild nausea and vomitting.ConclusionsCefmetazon is effective and safe in prevention and treatment of Postoperative infections in general surgery.