Objective To estimate the marginal value of the chemical oxygen demand (COD) in drinking water by evaluation of uncertainty. Methods According to Evaluation and Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement (JJF1059-1999), analysis of measure uncertainty of the chemical oxygen demand determined by acidic potassium permanganate titrate prescribed in Sanitary Standards for Drinking Water (2001) was conducted. Results The type A relative standard uncertainty was 0.584%, type B was 0.781%, in which the sub-item uncertainty led by using 25 ml burette was 0.708%, the water sample volume was 0.056%, the adjusted potassium permanganate standard solution was 0.325%; the relative combined standard uncertainty was 0.975%, the expanded uncertainty was 1.95%. Conclusion According to the result of the uncertainty (3.08?0.06) mg/L, COD in the polluted sample exceeds the limit, the use of 25 ml burette produced the most contribution to the uncertainty.

This article introduces the independent experiment and social investigation activities in the course of medication analy- sis set up for strengthening students' comprehensive abilities.These activities create a good study atmosphere for enhancing stu- dents' ability to do research and their humanistic qualities.

The ABCD2 score is validated for evaluating short-term stroke risk after transient ischemic attack (TIA); however, whether it is able to predict the long-term risk of vascular outcome remains uncertain. Recently a new tissue-based definition of TIA has been proposed. The ABCD2 scores of 145 TIA patients admitted to our hospital were retrospectively calculated and stratified into two categories: ≤ 3 points (low risk); 4-7 points (moderate-high risk). At a median follow-up of 81 months, new vascular events were recorded. Follow-up data were available in 107 patients. Seventy one patients had a moderate-high ABCD2 score. Sixty six patients experienced a cerebral ischemic event; 8 a myocardial infarction; 7 died of cerebrovascular or cardiovascular cause. Moderate-high ABCD2 score was significantly associated with the further cerebral ischemic events (hazard ratio [HR], 1.755; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.019 to 3.024) and with the combined endpoint (HR, 1.818; 95% CI, 1.079 to 3.063). Our study shows that the ABCD2 score may also be used to predict long-term vascular outcome after tissue-based definition of TIA. Moderate-high ABCD2 score is associated with an increased general vascular risk in the long-term follow-up after TIA.
Stroke

Objective By means of analyzing the antihypertensive use of hypertension patients of Guiyang in 2013 and impact factors for basic drug use,to evaluate the impacts of the essential medicines list in place in Guiyang to hypertension patients in communities in Guiyang.Methods 969 hypertension patients were surveyed with structured questionnaire of stratified random sampling at 6 community health centers in Guiyang city.Results Hypertension patients in communities averaged 1.4 types of antihypertensive,and the essential medicines used accounted for 39.8％of all the antihypertensive.The distribution differences of the ratio of essential medicines use are significant interms of age,gender,and household annual income.Use ratio of non-essential medicines of the 55～64 age group and 65～74 age group are 3.48 times and 0.47 times over that of the 75 and above age group.For hypertension patients of low income and medium income,their probable use of non-essential medicines is 2.05 and 2.87 times that of high income households.Conclusion As the use ratio of hypertension patients in Guiyang is relatively low,and the factors for it are age and household income,focused intervention is recommended for the 65～74 age group and low-income households,for the purpose of high use ratio of essential medicines of such people.

BACKGROUND: Currently, most of the clinical trials of cell transplantation for ischemic heart disease is the transplantation of bone marrow mononuclear cells through the bypass graft artery in patients with acute myocardial infarction, but reports in combination with cell transplantation for old myocardial infarction are few. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the safety and feasibility of intracoronary artery injection of bone marrow mononuclear cells through the bypass graft artery during coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). DESIGN: Self-control and case analysis. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 10 patients who had old myocardial infarction, left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF)≤40%, were selected from Cardiovascular Institute and Fuwai Hospital from November 2004 to June 2005. METHODS: The bone marrow mononuclear cells were harvested from the bone marrow by Ficoll density gradient centrifugation method before the CABG was carried. And the patients received CABG and 10 mL mononuclear cell suspension through the grafts into anterior descending branch. In addition, 10 mL mononuclear cell suspension was injected into the circumflex branch and right coronary artery through the proximal heart. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The heart function was evaluated with transthoracic echocardiography (TEE) and cardiac MRI after the operation. RESULTS: All patients recovered. A total of 45-60 mL bone marrow was harvested from iliac crest, and 4.1 ×10~7 mononuclear cells were isolated and identified by trypan blue test (cell activity >95%). TEE showed that the LVEF at 1 week and 1, 3 months postoperatively was significantly improved compared with before operation; creatase arid troponin T were not increased, and no myocardial infarction changes were found. MRI showed that the LVEF was significantly increased following operation (P < 0.01); left ventricular end-diastolic and systolic diameters were significantly decreased (P < 0.05). There was no complication associating with bone marrow harvest, or cell transplantation. CONCLUSION: Bone marrow mononuclear cells transplantation through bypass graft, as an adjunctive therapy, is safe and feasible.

OBJECTIVETo investigate the metabolism-based interaction between ipriflavone(IP) and other drugs in vitro.

METHODSIP and propafenone or estradiol, or other drugs were co-incubated with rat liver microsome induced by beta-naphthoflavone. The concentrations of residual substrate in microsomal incubates were determined by HPLC.

RESULTThe metabolism of propafenone (10 microg/ml) incubated with 2 microg/ml or 50 microg/ml IP was markedly inhibited compared with control group(P<0.01). While the metabolism of 10 microg/ml of estradiol incubated with 10 microg/ml and 100 microg/ml IP showed no marked inhibition. When IP (20 microg/ml) was incubated with 0.5 microg/ml propranolol, 0.5 microg/ml propafenone or 5.0 microg/ml estradiol respectively the metabolic activity of IP was markedly inhibited compared with control group (P<0.05 P<0.05 P<0.02 respectively).

CONCLUSIONThe results indicate that there is an interaction between ipriflavone and propafenone during in vitro metabolism, and there might also be clinical significance.

Animals ; Drug Interactions ; Estradiol ; metabolism ; Female ; Isoflavones ; metabolism ; Propafenone ; metabolism ; Propranolol ; metabolism ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley

OBJECTIVETo obtain the information on the glucuronidation of Ginkgo flavonoid and the interaction profile of Ginkgo flavones with other drugs in vitro.

METHODSGinkgo flavonoids (quercetin, isorhamnetin and keampferol) and other drugs were co-incubated with rat hepatic microsome at 25 degree; the residual concentrations of flavonoids were determined by HPLC. The enzymatic parameters of quercetin, isorhamnetin and keampferol metabolism were assessed. The interactions between flavonoids and these drugs on glucuronidation were observed.

RESULTThe K(m) values were ( 24+/-0.05), (148+/-0.09) and (110+/-0.03) micromol/L and the V(max) values were (60+/-0.21), (48+/-0.02) and (34+/-0.02) micromol x g(-1) x min(-1) for quercetin, isorhamnetin and kaempferol, respectively. The IC(50) of nifedipine propafenone ipriflavone and diphenytriazol on flavonoids metabolism were 54 - 70, 69 - 122, 85 - 98 and 210 - 362 micromol, respectively. The inhibition constants (Ki) of diphenytriazol propafenone and ipriflavone on quercetin, isorhamnetin and keampferol metabolism were (57.6, 50.5, 33.1) (33.6, 59.5, 45.2) and(13.7,24.0,15.7) microg/ml respectively. The ratio [I]/[Ki] of the plasma concentration and inhibition constant for propafenone was 0.002 - 0.003.

CONCLUSIONThe metabolic level of quercetin is the strongest among three Ginkgo flavonoids. Nifedipine propafenone and ipriflavone inhibit the metabolism of quercetin, isorhamnetin and keampferol at different levels. Because of the interaction between Ginkgo flavonoids with nifedipine, caution must be taken when two drugs are used together clinically.

Animals ; Drug Interactions ; Flavonoids ; metabolism ; Ginkgo biloba ; Glucuronides ; metabolism ; Microsomes, Liver ; metabolism ; Rats

OBJECTIVETo observe the clinical effects of two different circumcision procedures with the Shang Ring and compare their advantages and disadvantages.

METHODSA total of 527 adult males with phimosis or redundant prepuce underwent Shang Ring circumcision by conventional outward replacement (n = 254) and inward placement (n = 273), respectively. We observed the in-ring nocturnal pain, complications, ring-removal pain, degree of edema, recovery time, and patients' satisfaction after surgery, and compared them between the two groups.

RESULTSCompared with the conventional outward placement (5.9%) of the Shang Ring, the inward placement method showed the advantages of mild in-ring nocturnal pain, a low complication rate, significantly reduced ring-removal pain, and mild edema, but exhibited longer healing time.

CONCLUSIONIn Shang Ring circumcision for phimosis and redundant prepuce in adult males, each of the outward and inward placement methods has advantages and disadvantages of its own, but the latter is more advantageous and feasible.

Adult ; Circumcision, Male ; adverse effects ; instrumentation ; Edema ; etiology ; Foreskin ; abnormalities ; surgery ; Humans ; Male ; Pain, Postoperative ; Patient Satisfaction ; Penile Diseases ; etiology ; Penis ; abnormalities ; surgery ; Phimosis ; surgery ; Prostheses and Implants ; Wound Healing

AIMTo establish a RP-HPLC method for determination of diphenytriazol (DL111-IT) in rat hepatic microsomes.

METHODSDL111-IT in rat hepatic microsomal incubates was extracted with chloroform, using diazepam as internal standard. The determination was performed on a Lichrospher ODS-C18 reversed column (25 cm x 0.46 cm ID) with mobile phase of methanol-pH 7.5 phosphate buffer (70:30) at a flow-rate of 1.0 mL.min-1. A UVVIS detector was operated at 235 nm.

RESULTSThe assaywas linear from 1.01-101.0 micrograms.mL-1 for DL111-IT. The limit of detection was 0.15 microgram.mL-1 (signal-to-noise ratio 3) and the limit of quantification was 1.01 micrograms.mL-1(RSD < 10%, n = 4). The method afforded average recoveries of (100.3 +/- 1.9)% (n = 5), and intra-day and inter-day RSD were less than 5.0%(n = 5). The method allowed study of the in vitro phase I metabolism of DL111-IT in rat liver microsomal incubates. The microsomes induced by beta-naphthoflavone showed high enzymatic activity for DL111-IT phase I metabolism.

CONCLUSIONThe method is simple, accurate and can be used to study the metabolism of DL111-IT in rat hepatic microsomes.

Abortifacient Agents, Nonsteroidal ; analysis ; metabolism ; Animals ; Cell Separation ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; methods ; Female ; Microsomes, Liver ; metabolism ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Triazoles ; analysis ; metabolism

Aim To study the effects of Free Anthra-quinone from Rhubarb (FAR)on myocardial CTGF and collagen expression and interstitial fibrosis in dia-betic rats.Methods The male SD rats were randomly divided into normal group (CON),diabetic cardiomy-opathy group (DCM) and FAR treatment group (FAR).Streptozocin was intraperitoneally injected in-to the animals in the latter 2 groups to induce diabetic rat model.The model was expected to be stable for 2 weeks before the treatment.At the end of the 8th week in treatment,fasting plasma glucose and heart mass in-dex were measured.Masson staining was used to ob-serve the myocardial fibrosis.RT-PCR was used to de-tect the mRNA levels of CTGF,procollagen type Ⅰand collagen type Ⅲ.Immunohistochemical method was used to detect the content of CTGF.ELISA was used to detect the depositions of collagen type I and collagen type Ⅲ. Results Compared with CON group,fasting plasma glucose,heart mass index,the degree of myocardial fibrosis,and the expressions of CTGF,collagen type I and collagen type Ⅲ in left ven-tricular myocardial tissue of DCM group were signifi-cantly increased. However, compared with DCM group,fasting plasma glucose,heart mass index,the degree of myocardial fibrosis,and the expressions of CTGF,collagen type I and collagen type Ⅲ in left ven-tricular myocardial tissue of FAR-treated rats were sig-nificantly decreased.Conclusion FAR retards the process of myocardial fibrosis in diabetic rats by down-regulating the expression of CTGF,reducing the syn-thesis and depositions of collagen type I and collagen type Ⅲ.