Child ; Child, Preschool ; Diarrhea ; virology ; Female ; Genotype ; Humans ; Infant ; Male ; Rotavirus ; classification ; genetics ; isolation & purification ; Seasons

Linezolid is the first oxazolidinone antibacterial drug approved by the FDA, which can effectively treat various gram-positive bacterial infections, including blood infections, skin and soft tissue infections, community and hospital-acquired pneumonia. It has become one of the most commonly used antibiotics in clinical. In addition to the recently launched tedizolid phosphate (TR701) and contezolid (MRX-I), several oxazolidinone anti-infective candidates are currently under clinical research. This review briefly introduces the oxazolidinone antibiotics that have been marketed and are in clinical trials, and recent progress on the structure optimization of oxazolidinone drugs is also summarized.

Carotid Artery Injuries ; therapy ; Carotid-Cavernous Sinus Fistula ; therapy ; Embolization, Therapeutic ; methods ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Stents

OBJECTIVETo observe the pathological changes of the intestinal mucosa in rats with severe abdominal infection.

METHODA total of 60 SD rats were divided randomly into control group and experimental group (n=30), and in the latter group, the rats underwent cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) while those in the former had only laparotomy. The jejunum and ileum were sampled on postoperative days 1, 2 and 4 for optical and electron microscopic observations. The positivity rate of blood bacterial culture and plasma level of endotoxin were determined in the rats.

RESULTSNo abnormal changes were observed with either optical and electron microscope in the small intestinal mucous membrane of rats in the control group, but in rats of the experimental group, microscopic examination revealed interstitial edema, vascular engorgement and neutrophil infiltration in the small intestine mucous membrane and the submucosa, and electron microscopy demonstrated loose and disorderly arrangement of the microvilli of the intestinal epithelium. Plasma endotoxin level in rats in the experimental group was 5- to 12-fold higher than that in the control group. The positivity rates of blood bacterial culture were 20%, 30% and 10% on postoperative days 1, 2 and 4 respectively in the experimental group, but were all zero in the control group.

CONCLUSIONPathologic lesions in the intestinal mucosa occur during the early stage of severe abdominal infection in rats as the result of bacteria and endotoxin translocation.

Animals ; Bacteria ; isolation & purification ; Bacterial Infections ; blood ; microbiology ; pathology ; Bacterial Translocation ; Cecum ; Endotoxins ; blood ; Female ; Intestinal Diseases ; etiology ; microbiology ; pathology ; Intestinal Mucosa ; microbiology ; pathology ; ultrastructure ; Intestine, Small ; microbiology ; pathology ; Ligation ; adverse effects ; Male ; Microscopy, Electron ; Punctures ; adverse effects ; Random Allocation ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley

OBJECTIVETo compare the mandibular indices differences between periodontitis and non-periodontitis subjects by digital panoramic tomograms in order to find a simple and effective method to evaluate the density of alveolar bone and study the relativity between local bone loss and systemic bone loss.

METHODSStandard digital panoramic tomograms of sixty periodontitis subjects and sixty non-periodontitis subjects were taken. Density and height cortical width (CW) and panoramic mandibular index (PMI) of alveolar bone were measured on the digital panoramic tomograms. SPSS 12.0 was used for statistics analyses.

RESULTSThe periodontitis subjects had lower height of alveolar bone (8.76 mm vs. 11.85 mm, P=0.000), lower density of alveolar bone (106.08 vs. 113.33, P=0.034), thinner cortical width (3.80 mm vs. 4.27 mm, P=0.008), while the difference of PMI between the two groups was not significant (P>0.05). The relativity between both density and height of alveolar bone with CW was significant (P<0.05), but not significant with PMI (P>0.05).

CONCLUSIONThe optical method is a simple and effective method to measure the density of the alveolar bone. Compared with the non-periodontitis subjects, the periodontitis subjects not only have alveolar bone changed significantly but also have thinner cortical width.

Alveolar Bone Loss ; Bone and Bones ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Mandible ; Periodontitis ; Radiography, Panoramic

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of precursor brain-derived neurotrophic factor (proBDNF) on survival and neurite outgrowth of cultured rat spiral ganglion neurons (SGNs). Spiral ganglions (SG) were collected from postnatal day 5 Sprague Dawley (SD) rats, then enzymatically digested and suspended. Dissociated SGNs were plated on poly-D-lysine/laminin coated eight-well chamber plates and maintained at 37 °C for 4 h to promote the attachment of the neurons. Cultured SGNs were randomly divided into five groups: control group, BDNF group (BDNF 10 ng/mL), C10 group (proBDNF 10 ng/mL), C50 group (proBDNF 50 ng/mL), and C100 group (proBDNF 100 ng/mL). All groups were incubated in a serum-free medium. 48 h after incubation, SGNs were fixed and stained for βIII tubulin. Immunostaining of the cultured SGNs showed that, compared with the control group, the cellular survival of C50 group and C100 group were significantly reduced (P < 0.001). Furthermore, surviving numbers of the three proBDNF-treated groups were all lower than the BDNF group. In order to assess the effect of proBDNF on cell morphology, SGNs were divided into two categories: SGNs with or without neurites. The results demonstrated that proBDNF significantly increased the proportions of SGNs without neurites in C10, C50 and C100 groups compared with that in control group (P < 0.001). In addition, c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) inhibitor, SP600125 (20 μmol/L) significantly increased the surviving number of SGNs in C50 group. These results suggest that proBDNF reduces the survival rate of cultured SGNs and inhibits the sprouting of neurites. Furthermore, the inhibition of JNK signaling attenuates the effect of proBDNF on SGNs survival.
Animals ; Axons ; physiology ; Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor ; pharmacology ; Cell Survival ; Cells, Cultured ; JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases ; antagonists & inhibitors ; MAP Kinase Signaling System ; Neurites ; physiology ; Neurons ; cytology ; Protein Precursors ; pharmacology ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Spiral Ganglion ; cytology

Objective to compare and contrast the diagnosis results on 2D and 3D Ultrasonogrpahy against MRI. Method A 2D Ultrasonography was applied during a conventional prenatal sonography checking with a 3D Sonography assessment subsequently conducted to follow up on 49 fetus suspected of brain malformation.Furthermore, a MRI scan was taken within 24 hours after the 3D Sonography checking in our hospital as a final test. Data collections from all three assessments were completed, and an analysis of the comparisons of these three methods were done. Results Among these 49 fetus with confirmed or suspected brain malformation, there were two cases of misdiagnoses of Dandy-Walker Malformation assessed by 2D sonography, with a misdiagnosis rate of 40％, (P ＜ 0.05) indicating a statistically significant result; misdiagnosis rate of Fetal Ventriculomegaly and Isolated Broadening Posterior Fossa were calculated as 26.7％ and 33.3％ respectively (P ＜0.05), a statistically significant result. Overall, there were two cases with Cerebellum Malformation, from in which one case was identified by MRI, and the other one was misdiagnosed, with a misdiagnosis rate of 50.0％.In total, there were 2 cases of Holoprosencephaly, in which one was identified by Prenatal MRI, and the other was misdiagnosed (P ＜ 0.05), a statistically significant result. Conclusions All three assessments of 2D ultrasonography, 3D ultrasonography and MRI have their own advantages and disadvantages. In short, 2D Sonography is suggested to be applied for screening out cases with brain malformation, together with 3D Sonography as a complementary assessment. MRI can also be an effective and significant complement for sonography in completing and readdressing the final ultrasonic results.

Objective To study the preparation and inhibitory effect of Sirolimus sustained-release microsphere on lymphocyte proliferation.Methods The sirolimus sustained-release microspheres were prepared by the emulsion solvent evaporation.The morphology of microspheres were observed by transmission electron microscope.The inhibitory rate of sirolimus sustained-release microspheres on human lymphocyte were detected by MTT assay.Results The average particle size of the microspheres was (186.73 ± 12.62) μm,drug loading was (28.74 ± 2.63)％,encapsulation efficiency was (73.53 ± 7.12)％.Sirolimus sustained-release microspheres can stably release in vitro,the cumulative release rate of 24 h was 47.3％,the cumulative release rate of 168 h was 93.15％.After the culture of 12,24,48,72,96 h,the inhibition rate of proliferation of the microspheres was 18.28％,33.96％,50.24％,73.91％,83.02％.Conclusion Sirolimus sustained-release microspheres had good sustained-release effect in vitro and inhibition of lymphocyte proliferation,providing the basis for the new formulation of sirolimus.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the efficacy, safety and primary follow-up results of a guidewire looping technique for the treatment of infrapopliteal arteries. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From October 2006 to May 2008, an intraluminal angioplasty of the infrapopliteal arteries was attempted in 200 consecutive patients. Altogether, 417 infrapopliteal lesions, with lengths varying from 2 cm to 32 cm, were treated as part of this study, including 305 lesions in the anterior tibial arteries, 89 in the posterior tibial arteries, and 23 in the peroneal arteries. The 'U'-shaped guidewire technique was attempted in 393 lesions from 361 limbs. The tip of a hydrophilic 0.035-inch guidewire was formed into a 'U' shape with the aid of a 4-Fr catheter and collateral branch vessel to recanalize the completely occluded long segment lesions. RESULTS: A successful angioplasty with at least one artery recanalized directly to the malleolar or dorsal foot was achieved in 322 limbs (89%). The looping technique had a success rate of 90% (352 of 393 lesions). After the procedure, the rest pain was relieved in 58 of 69 patients, while 207 of 245 limbs (85%) showed improvement for intermittent claudication. Complete wound healing was noted in 21 of 54 patients, while 20 of 54 patients showed an improvement in the wound size or depth. A total of 38 major immediate procedure-related complications were noted, including retroperitoneal hematoma, distal emboli, and vessel rupture. CONCLUSION: The results of this study suggests that the guidewire looping technique is a safe and effective method for the recanalization of the occluded lesions in infrapopliteal vessels.
Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Angioplasty/*methods ; Ankle Brachial Index ; Arterial Occlusive Diseases/*surgery ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Foot/blood supply/surgery ; Humans ; *Magnetic Resonance Angiography ; Male ; Middle Aged ; *Popliteal Artery ; Postoperative Complications ; Treatment Outcome

Extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) pathway has been shown to be important for regulating cell proliferation and survival. The role of ERK1/2 signaling in the survival and growth of neural stem cells (NSCs) has not been addressed adequately. In this work, we aimed to provide evidence that proliferation of NSCs in vitro is controlled via ERK1/2-dependent pathway. NSCs were isolated from embryonic day 14.5 (E14.5) cortex of mouse forebrain. Cells were harvested at the desired times (1 d, 3 d and 5 d) and the total protein was extracted and analyzed by Western blot. It was observed that ERK1/2 was activated during the proliferation of NSCs. In addition, mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK) inhibitor PD98059, which directly prohibited ERK1/2 phosphorylation, inhibited the formation of neurospheres, and this inhibitory effect was dose-dependent. After treatment with 20 mumol/L PD98059, the growth of NSCs was also inhibited with time-dependence. These data indicate that ERK1/2 is essential for the proliferation of NSCs derived from mouse embryonic cortex.
Animals ; Cell Proliferation ; Cerebral Cortex ; cytology ; embryology ; Flavonoids ; pharmacology ; Mice ; Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3 ; physiology ; Neural Stem Cells ; cytology ; Phosphorylation ; Protein Kinase Inhibitors ; pharmacology