?-(1,3)-D-glucan is a core structure of many bioactive fungal polysaccharides. It has drawn intensive attentions in recent because of its multiple bioactivities, particularly the immunomodulatory and antitumorous actions. In this review, we introduced the studies of structure-activity correlation of these ?-(1,3)-D-glucans, particularly the contributions of main backbone, branch degree and residues, molecular weight and conformation to the activities. We also summarized the recent progress in the detective methods for both quantitation and qualification using limulus G factor assay,galactosyl ceramide ELISA and etc.

OBJECTIVE: To provide references for the improvement of drug recall system in China.METHODS: The problems existing in the drug recall system in China were analyzed through a comparison of the drug recall system between China and Australia.RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS: China should draw useful experiences from Australia to improve its drug recall system by perfecting the legal system and tracking measures,determining stratified drugs and the responsibilities of government etc.

Heavy-ions have the similar characteristic of depth-dose distribution with protons, but exhibit enhanced physical and radiobiological benefits. With increasing development in technical and clinical research, more facilities are being installed in the world. At the same time, many critical techniques of heavy-ion therapy facility were optimized and completed. This paper classified and reviewed the basic structure of heavy-ion system equipments, especially the accelerator, gantry, nozzle , TPS.
Cancer Care Facilities ; Heavy Ion Radiotherapy ; instrumentation ; Humans ; Neoplasms ; therapy

This study aimed to evaluate emerging trends of drug resistance to nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) and nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) among 290 former blood donor HIV-1 infected patients in Hubei,China,from 2004 to 2006,all of whom had received anti-HIV-1 therapy.The presence of NRTI- and NNRTI-associated mutations were established by sequencing; genotypic and predicted phenotypic drug resistance were evaluated using HIVdb Program version 5.0.1 (http://hivdb.stanford.edu/pages/algs/HIVdb.html).Genotypic drug resistance analysis showed significant increases in percentages of patients carrying HIV-1 strains with M41L,T215Y/F,D67N,K103N,G190A/S,Y181C/F or L210W mutations.Of the variants' predicted phenotypic drug resistance,highly significant increases were detected in percentages of patients carrying HIV-1 with high resistance to zidovudine (AZT) or stavudine (D4T) in NRTIs,and to delavirdine (DLV),efavirenz (EFV) or nevirapine (NVP) in NNRTIs; intermediate resistance to abacavir (ABC),AZT,D4/T,didanosine (DDI) or tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) in NRTIs,and to etravirine (ETR) in NNRTIs; and low and potential low resistance to lamivudine (3TC),ABC,emtricitabine (FTC) or TDF in NRTIs,and to ETR in NNRTIs.

Objective:To evaluate the effect of emodin on acute rejection after orthotopic liver transplantation(OLT) in rats.Methods:The LEW→BN OLT models were established.A total of 45 rats were divided randomly and equally into 3 groups:group A was treated with normal saline at dose of 0.5 ml/d intraperitoneally from 1st day to 8th day after operation;Group B,CsA at dose of 10.0 mg?kg-1?d-1;Group C,emodin at dose of 50.0 mg?kg-1?d-1.8 days after operation,6 recipients of each groups were killed for confirming rejection-active index(RAI) and hepatocellular apoptosis index(AI) by observing the pathologic change of transplanted liver in recipients.The other recipients were raised for observing the survival time.Results:Respectively,the survival time(days) of group A,B,C was 9.50?1.64,21.57?2.15,21.29?2.21.The survival time of group B,C was significantly longer than that of group A(P0.05).Respectively,the RAI of group A,B,C was 7.67?0.9,5.17?0.40,5.83?0.75 and the AI of group A,B,C was 35.83?2.32,15.83?1.33,16.50?2.35.The RAI and AI of group B,C was significantly lower than that of group A(P0.05).Conclusion:Emodin can reduce the hepatocellular apoptosis and suppress the acute rejection after OLT in rats.

Objective To study the expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1 ) in the rat cardiac heterotopic allo- grafts and the effect of cyclosporin A on prevention of allograft rejection. Methods Heart transplantated animals were divided into three groups: Group Ⅰ(control), Group Ⅱ(CsA 7. 5mg/kg B W, daily) and Group Ⅲ(CsA l5mg/kg B W, daily). Acute cardiac rejection grade was valued by the standrd of ISHLT(1990 ). Immunohistochemistry was performed to analyze the expression of ICAM-1 in heart grafts and donor aorta segments. Results After heart transplantation, it was found that from day 1 to 3, there was sligtly inflammatory infiltratiation, the rejection was graded 1A of 1B, But from day 11 to 12, there were disseminated inflammation and cardiac necrosis with serous hyperemia, exutation, edema, acute vasculitis and myocarditis. The rejection grade was 3B or 4, and could be reduced 1to 2. 5 grades by administration of CsA. It was also found that both in heart graft and donor aorta segments the expression of ICAM-1 on the endothelium cells, infiltrated lymphocytes was clearly increased. It was time-dependent and could be down-regulated by administra- tion of CsA. On Day 1 and Day 3 the suppressing function of CsA on expressing of ICAM-1 showed singificant dosage-dependent. But from Day 7 to Day 11, it appeared dosage- independent. Conclusiou Trea tment with CsA is an effect ive methed to down- regulate I - CAM-1 expression and could reduce the lympphocyte migration and filtration. These results may explain, in part, the mechanism of CsA reducing acute rejection in a rat cardiac transplantation medel.

Objective To indentify the gene expression on different fractionated radiation regimens with the same total radiation dose in xenografts with human lung adenocareinoma. Methods Forty-eight BALB/c-nu mice, implanted with human lung adenocarcinoma (Anip973), were randomized into 4 groups: normal control greup,60 Gy in 30 fractions conventional radiation group (2 Gy group) ,60 Gy in 10 fractions hypofractionated radiation group (6 Gy group) ,60 Gy in 6 fractions hypofractionaed radiation group (10 Gy group). Gene alterations were investigated with the microchip analytical procedures covering the entire genome. Genes with significantly different expression were further validated by the quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Results Compared to the 2 Gy group, the expression of the genes related with the cell growth inhibition and apoptesis was increased, while the genes related with the cell proliferation, anti-apoptosis and DNA damage repair were decreased in the 6 Gy and 10 Gy groups. Confirmed by RT-PCR, c-myc gene was distinctly suppressed in the 6 Gy group (2. 9%) comparing with 2 Gy (5.6%) group and 10 Gy (4.8%) group (P=0. 000,P=0. 002) , and was slightly suppressed in the 10 Gy group comparing with 2 Gy group (P = 0. 069). Conclusions In the BALB/c-nu mice implanted with human lung adenocarcinoma, the hypofractionated radiation regimens clearly inhibit the tumor growth more than conventional fractionation group, though with the same total dose. The 6 Gy group seem to be more effective than 10 Gy group in the inhibition of tumor growth.

The ABCD2 score is validated for evaluating short-term stroke risk after transient ischemic attack (TIA); however, whether it is able to predict the long-term risk of vascular outcome remains uncertain. Recently a new tissue-based definition of TIA has been proposed. The ABCD2 scores of 145 TIA patients admitted to our hospital were retrospectively calculated and stratified into two categories: ≤ 3 points (low risk); 4-7 points (moderate-high risk). At a median follow-up of 81 months, new vascular events were recorded. Follow-up data were available in 107 patients. Seventy one patients had a moderate-high ABCD2 score. Sixty six patients experienced a cerebral ischemic event; 8 a myocardial infarction; 7 died of cerebrovascular or cardiovascular cause. Moderate-high ABCD2 score was significantly associated with the further cerebral ischemic events (hazard ratio [HR], 1.755; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.019 to 3.024) and with the combined endpoint (HR, 1.818; 95% CI, 1.079 to 3.063). Our study shows that the ABCD2 score may also be used to predict long-term vascular outcome after tissue-based definition of TIA. Moderate-high ABCD2 score is associated with an increased general vascular risk in the long-term follow-up after TIA.
Stroke

Objective To investigate the clinical distribution and change in antimicrobial resistance of Acinetobact-er baumannii (A.baumannii)from a hospital between 2011 and 2013,so as to provide guidance for clinical treat-ment.Methods Sources and antimicrobial susceptibility testing results of A.baumannii from a hospital were ana-lyzed statistically.Results A total of 14 705 bacterial isolates were isolated in 2011 —2013,13.59%(n=1 999)of which were A.baumannii isolates,the percentage of A.baumannii in isolated pathogens in 3 years was 12.74%, 13.05%,and 14.85% respectively,which showed a rising trend (χ2 =9.458,P =0.002).The main specimen was sputum (n = 1 541 ,77.09%),bacteria were mainly isolated from patients in respiratory disease department (21 .71 %),surgical intensive care unit (16.26%),and emergency intensive care unit (8.26%).Antimicrobial re-sistance rates of A.baumannii increased year by year(all P <0.05);multidrug-resistant and extensively drug-resist-ant A.baumannii also increased year by year (all P <0.001).Conclusion Isolation rate and antimicrobial resistance rate of A.baumannii strains increase year by year,multidrug-resistant and extensively drug-resistant A.baumannii strains are obvious,which should be paid more attention in clinical department.

Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition ; Humans ; Liver Cirrhosis