Retinal detachment (RD) is one of the most common sight-threatening retinal diseases.Visual acuity is not always restored after successful reattachment of the retina.Photoreceptor cell death has been thought to be the major cause of vision loss after RD through various pathways and their interactions,including caspase-dependent apoptosis,endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced apoptosis and non-apoptotic death forms,such as necroptosis,autophagy,and so on.Based on the understanding of the mechanism of photoreceptor cell death after RD,current efforts on combinatorial inhibition of multiple death pathways,targeting upstream molecules and enhancement of intrinsic neuroprotection would help us to protect photoreceptors effectively and improve visual acuity of RD patients.This review summarized current opinions on mechanisms of photoreceptor cell death and the potential treatment strategies.

OBJECTIVE: To study and collate the literature on rare diseases in domestic and abroad, and comparative analysis, provide a scientific basis for the domestic rare diseases research. METHODS: Retrieved the Web of Science, China National Knowledge Infrastructure from January 2011 to June 2016 published literature about rare diseases. RESULTS: Through the screening of literature, finally determine the 200 articles for analysis. It is divided into seven research directions: rare diseases policy research, rare diseases legal and regulatory research, rare diseases medical social security study, orphan drugs availability research, orphan drugs economic evaluation study, orphan drug development research, rare diseases defined standard research. CONCLUSION: Rare diseases policy research is the focus of research both domestic and abroad. Compared with foreign countries, the domestic research on the availability and economic evaluation of orphan drug is less, especially the economic evaluation research is almost blank. It is suggested that the researchers study the multiple aspects of rare diseases and drugs, and to provide the basis and reference for build rare disease policy in China. In addition to the field of rare diseases research, rare diseases drugs face many difficulties in pharmaceutical research, production and supply. The precondition to solve these problems is the nation formulate specific policies and regulations for rare diseases, and then clear the official definition standards of rare diseases, establish relevant policies to encourage pharmaceutical companies to develop rare diseases drugs.

Acupuncture Therapy ; Aged ; Dysuria ; etiology ; physiopathology ; therapy ; Herpes Zoster ; complications ; virology ; Herpesvirus 3, Human ; physiology ; Humans ; Male ; Perineum ; virology

Objective To discuss the effect of modified venipuncture method on success rate of vcnipuncture, in order to alleviate the suffering of patients with emergency transfusion. Methods 380 cases of transfusion patients were randomly divided into the routine group and the modified group, rou-tine and modified venipuncture methods were applied to each group respectively. The success rate and pain response of each group were compared between the two groups by χ2 test. Results The success rate of venipuncture of the modified group was 93.50%, which was significantly higher than that of the routine group, and the rate of pain of the modified group was lighter than that of the routine group. Conclusions The modified venipuncture method can alleviate pain of patients, improve work efficien-cy and was worthy of clinical nursing application.

Alveolar echinococcosis (AE) is a potentially fatal zoonosis caused by Echinococcus multilocularis (E .m) , primary located in the liver and showed malignant invasion .AE can develop to the lungs and brain metastases .Operation treat-ment and medication therapeutic efficacy show poor effect .The mechanism of AE invasive growth and metastasis is unclear . Angiogenesis is a highly regulated behavior in normal tissues .Abnormal angiogenesis is one of the key signs of malignant tumor ,and VEGF is one of the key mediators of angiogenesis .Numerous studies have shown that VEGF and CD34 plays an important role in the formation of tumor angiogenesis and invasive growth process .This article discussed the role of angiogene-sis in AE aggressive ,aimed to provide a new way for the clinic conservative treatment for patients with advanced stage ,preven-ting recurrence after operation ,and adjunctive therapy of operation and drug .

Pruritus is the main symptom ofdermatosis.This article analyzes the dermatic pruritus induced by wind pathogen, and introduces the determination oftreatment for dermatic pruritus based on syndrome differentiation with eliminating wind

This article reviews a recently d is covered new peptide-growth hormone-releasing peptide: ghrelin. Ghrelin is secr eted by various tissues of body, mainly by gastric tissue. Ghrelin regulates GH release from pituitary, participates in the regulation of energy metabolism, inh ibits the proliferation of tumor cells and influences the cardiovascular functio n and the release of other hormones. The study of ghrelin in many fields is prel iminary and needs further investigation.

Objective To investigate treatment effects of correcte d severe blepharoptosis using an orbicularis oculi muscle flap. Meth ods After the lid creased incision, the subtaneous plane was dissect ed between the skin and the orbicularis oculi muscle, reaching as far as the sup erior margin of eyebrow. In a plane between the obicularis and the orbital sept um, the dissection was extended bluntly upward to above the superior orbital rim . to advance the orbicilaris oculi muscle flap to the tarsal plate and to suture the flap with the tarsus directly. Results Based on cri teria of the ″satisfactory″results by Souther, postoperative results of all bl ep haroptosis of twenty-four eyes in fifteen paitents were satisfactory. Conclusion The orbicularis oculi muscle flap for correction of s evere blepharoptosis is simple and reliable technique, which has several advanta ges over the conventional frontalis muscle flap technique, such as single incis ion on the supratarsal fold, the preservation of the function of frontalis mucle , no depression on the forehead, no risk of neurovascular injury and no asymmet rical eyebrows in unilateral ptosis.

The effect of adrenomedullin (AM) on insulin sensitivity in normal Wistar rats was investigated by hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp in combination with isotope dilution technique. The infusion rates of AM during the clamp were 0, 0.05, 0.2, 1 ?g?kg~(-1)?min~(-1), rspectively. The glucose disposal rate (GDR) and hepatic glucose output (HGO) were calculated by the plasma 3-~(3)H-glucose specific activity. After AM infusion, the insulin-mediated glucose disposal was reduced in a dose-dependant manner. It indicated that high dose of AM could induce a marked state of insulin resistance, which was mainly characterized by inhibition of the effect of insulin to stimulate peripheral glucose metabolism.

Patients with SAP have a hypermetabolic and hypercatabolic state.Nutritional support for patients with SAP is needed.EN by the jejunal route does not stimulate pancreatic secretions and is safe.At present,the beneficeal effects of EN towards improving the nutritional condition,protecting gut barrier function,reducing translocation of bacteria and endotoxins,modulating the inflammatory response,and decreasing the cost have been observed.Therefore,the EN rather than PN should be used by the jejunal route to provide nutritional support for patients with SAP.