Retinal detachment (RD) is one of the most common sight-threatening retinal diseases.Visual acuity is not always restored after successful reattachment of the retina.Photoreceptor cell death has been thought to be the major cause of vision loss after RD through various pathways and their interactions,including caspase-dependent apoptosis,endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced apoptosis and non-apoptotic death forms,such as necroptosis,autophagy,and so on.Based on the understanding of the mechanism of photoreceptor cell death after RD,current efforts on combinatorial inhibition of multiple death pathways,targeting upstream molecules and enhancement of intrinsic neuroprotection would help us to protect photoreceptors effectively and improve visual acuity of RD patients.This review summarized current opinions on mechanisms of photoreceptor cell death and the potential treatment strategies.

OBJECTIVE: To study and collate the literature on rare diseases in domestic and abroad, and comparative analysis, provide a scientific basis for the domestic rare diseases research. METHODS: Retrieved the Web of Science, China National Knowledge Infrastructure from January 2011 to June 2016 published literature about rare diseases. RESULTS: Through the screening of literature, finally determine the 200 articles for analysis. It is divided into seven research directions: rare diseases policy research, rare diseases legal and regulatory research, rare diseases medical social security study, orphan drugs availability research, orphan drugs economic evaluation study, orphan drug development research, rare diseases defined standard research. CONCLUSION: Rare diseases policy research is the focus of research both domestic and abroad. Compared with foreign countries, the domestic research on the availability and economic evaluation of orphan drug is less, especially the economic evaluation research is almost blank. It is suggested that the researchers study the multiple aspects of rare diseases and drugs, and to provide the basis and reference for build rare disease policy in China. In addition to the field of rare diseases research, rare diseases drugs face many difficulties in pharmaceutical research, production and supply. The precondition to solve these problems is the nation formulate specific policies and regulations for rare diseases, and then clear the official definition standards of rare diseases, establish relevant policies to encourage pharmaceutical companies to develop rare diseases drugs.

Acupuncture Therapy ; Aged ; Dysuria ; etiology ; physiopathology ; therapy ; Herpes Zoster ; complications ; virology ; Herpesvirus 3, Human ; physiology ; Humans ; Male ; Perineum ; virology

【Objective】In-vitro antibacterial activity of the combination of Herba Violae(HV)and Herba Taraxaci(HT)in different proportions was compared and analyzed for the optimization of the combination proportion of Herba Violae and Herba Taraxaci and the influencing factors.【Methods】The minimum inhibitory concentration(MIC)of the combination of HV and HT was determined by agar double dilution method and the minimum bactericidal concentration(MBC)by broth dilution method,and bactericidal curve was traced.Meanwhile,the resistance of the combination of HV and HT induced by sub-inhibitory concentration was analyzed,and the influencing factors of in-vitro antibacterial activity were investigated.【Results】The combination of HV and HT in the proportion of 1∶4 had a better antibacterial activity on four kinds of gram-positive bacteria and on four kinds of gramnegative bacteria,and exerted an bactericidal effect on Escherichia coli and Klebsiella Pneumoniae(both MBC_(50)/MIC_(50) and MBC_(90)/MIC_(90) being 2).The bactericidal curve showed that 2?Log cfu/mL bacteria strain could be killed by the combination of the proportion being 1∶4 at 8~(th) hour,the effect being superior to that of other two combinations.Inoculation dosage,serum amount and pH value had no effect on in-vitro antibacterial activity.【Conclusion】The combination of HV and HT in the proportion of 1∶4 has a better antibacterial activity.

Tumor markers refer to the specific substances that exist in tumor cells themselves or are secreted by tumor cells. They can reflect the existence and growth of the tumor. The serum tumor biomarkers have been widely applied in tumor detection,but the detection of these markers is based on the tumor antigens,and thus has many inadequacies in tumor screening and diagnosis. In this paper,we reviewed autoantibodies as tumor biomarkers against self-antigens in vivo. This method is to examine the tumor autoantibodies by using the tumor antigens,and its specificity and sensitivity are superior to the traditional examination methods. Using autoantibodies to detect tumors would provide a new method for tumor screening and diagnosis.

Objective To determine whether attention allocation deficits contribute to nonfluent aphasia during orthography, phonology, and semantic processing with Chinese characters. Methods Sixteen patients and sixteen controls participated in single and dual tasks. In the single task participants were required to read Chinese characters silently and to make radical, semantic, and final sound judgments (for example, whether the charactersincluded the sound 'ang' ) simultaneously. During the dual task the only difference was that the participants wereasked to read the presented characters aloud and make the same three judgments. Reaction time and error rate were recorded and analysed. Results Reaction times in orthographic judgment were significantly longer for patients than for controls in both task setups. The error rate was also significantly higher. The patients' reaction times in makingphonological judgments in the dual task were significantly longer than in the single task, but there was no significantdifference in error rates between the patients and the controls. In making semantic judgments, neither reaction times nor error rates differed significantly with either the single or dual task protocol. Conclusion Attention allocation deficits play a key role in Chinese character orthographic and phonological processing for nonfluent aphasia sufferers.

Objective To explore the expression and significance of TGF-β1 and CTGF in the occurrence and development of patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage. Methods Cerebrospinal fluid TGF-β1 and CTGF concentrations in all subjects were serially detected by ELISA. Results Mean total TGF-β1 and CTGF in patients were elevated more than that in controls at the first day(P＜0.05).Thereafter the levels of TGF-β1 and CTGF fell by the third day, then rose to the second peak at the tenth day and remained significantly increase until the sixteenth day(P＜0.05).The levels of TGF-β1 was positive correlated CTGF. Conclusion The expressions of TGF-β1 and CTGF in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage showed two peaks character. After SAH, the concentration of TGF-β1 and CTGF concentration is related to chronic communicating hydrocephalus.

Schwann cells are the seed cells of tissue engineedng in the regeneration of peripheral nerve.so whether we can harvest enough Schwann cells of high purity is very important in the tissue engineering.Culture and purification technology of Schwann cells has been improved day by day.The classical cultural methods include tissue-clump cultural method and enzyme digestion cultural method.On the basis of the classical cultural methods,someone uses new technologies to delete fibroblasts,such as addition of cytosine arabinoside,addition of antimitogenic agents.The latest purified methods include magnetic activated-cells separation,co-culture with three-dimensional scaffolds and laminin-coated wells purified method.The aim of the skills above is to provide enough Schwann cells for the tissue engineering repeir of degenerated peripheral nerves.There are many ways of Schwann cells culture and purification.and we have made a primary progress,but it still needs further studies before the entire achievemenL such as long cycle,low activity in cultured calls,and the instable biological characteristics during passage culture,etc.

Objective To discuss the effect of modified venipuncture method on success rate of vcnipuncture, in order to alleviate the suffering of patients with emergency transfusion. Methods 380 cases of transfusion patients were randomly divided into the routine group and the modified group, rou-tine and modified venipuncture methods were applied to each group respectively. The success rate and pain response of each group were compared between the two groups by χ2 test. Results The success rate of venipuncture of the modified group was 93.50%, which was significantly higher than that of the routine group, and the rate of pain of the modified group was lighter than that of the routine group. Conclusions The modified venipuncture method can alleviate pain of patients, improve work efficien-cy and was worthy of clinical nursing application.

Pruritus is the main symptom ofdermatosis.This article analyzes the dermatic pruritus induced by wind pathogen, and introduces the determination oftreatment for dermatic pruritus based on syndrome differentiation with eliminating wind