Retinal detachment (RD) is one of the most common sight-threatening retinal diseases.Visual acuity is not always restored after successful reattachment of the retina.Photoreceptor cell death has been thought to be the major cause of vision loss after RD through various pathways and their interactions,including caspase-dependent apoptosis,endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced apoptosis and non-apoptotic death forms,such as necroptosis,autophagy,and so on.Based on the understanding of the mechanism of photoreceptor cell death after RD,current efforts on combinatorial inhibition of multiple death pathways,targeting upstream molecules and enhancement of intrinsic neuroprotection would help us to protect photoreceptors effectively and improve visual acuity of RD patients.This review summarized current opinions on mechanisms of photoreceptor cell death and the potential treatment strategies.

OBJECTIVE: To study and collate the literature on rare diseases in domestic and abroad, and comparative analysis, provide a scientific basis for the domestic rare diseases research. METHODS: Retrieved the Web of Science, China National Knowledge Infrastructure from January 2011 to June 2016 published literature about rare diseases. RESULTS: Through the screening of literature, finally determine the 200 articles for analysis. It is divided into seven research directions: rare diseases policy research, rare diseases legal and regulatory research, rare diseases medical social security study, orphan drugs availability research, orphan drugs economic evaluation study, orphan drug development research, rare diseases defined standard research. CONCLUSION: Rare diseases policy research is the focus of research both domestic and abroad. Compared with foreign countries, the domestic research on the availability and economic evaluation of orphan drug is less, especially the economic evaluation research is almost blank. It is suggested that the researchers study the multiple aspects of rare diseases and drugs, and to provide the basis and reference for build rare disease policy in China. In addition to the field of rare diseases research, rare diseases drugs face many difficulties in pharmaceutical research, production and supply. The precondition to solve these problems is the nation formulate specific policies and regulations for rare diseases, and then clear the official definition standards of rare diseases, establish relevant policies to encourage pharmaceutical companies to develop rare diseases drugs.

Acupuncture Therapy ; Aged ; Dysuria ; etiology ; physiopathology ; therapy ; Herpes Zoster ; complications ; virology ; Herpesvirus 3, Human ; physiology ; Humans ; Male ; Perineum ; virology

Pruritus is the main symptom ofdermatosis.This article analyzes the dermatic pruritus induced by wind pathogen, and introduces the determination oftreatment for dermatic pruritus based on syndrome differentiation with eliminating wind

Patients with SAP have a hypermetabolic and hypercatabolic state.Nutritional support for patients with SAP is needed.EN by the jejunal route does not stimulate pancreatic secretions and is safe.At present,the beneficeal effects of EN towards improving the nutritional condition,protecting gut barrier function,reducing translocation of bacteria and endotoxins,modulating the inflammatory response,and decreasing the cost have been observed.Therefore,the EN rather than PN should be used by the jejunal route to provide nutritional support for patients with SAP.

Alveolar echinococcosis (AE) is a potentially fatal zoonosis caused by Echinococcus multilocularis (E .m) , primary located in the liver and showed malignant invasion .AE can develop to the lungs and brain metastases .Operation treat-ment and medication therapeutic efficacy show poor effect .The mechanism of AE invasive growth and metastasis is unclear . Angiogenesis is a highly regulated behavior in normal tissues .Abnormal angiogenesis is one of the key signs of malignant tumor ,and VEGF is one of the key mediators of angiogenesis .Numerous studies have shown that VEGF and CD34 plays an important role in the formation of tumor angiogenesis and invasive growth process .This article discussed the role of angiogene-sis in AE aggressive ,aimed to provide a new way for the clinic conservative treatment for patients with advanced stage ,preven-ting recurrence after operation ,and adjunctive therapy of operation and drug .

BACKGROUND:Tumor markers are of great significance in early diagnosis of cancer, screening of high risk
group with cancer, differential diagnosis between benign and malignant tumors, judgment of cancer progression, evaluation of cancer therapeutic effect and prediction of cancer recurrence and prognosis.
OBJECTIVE:To realize the importance of tumor marker for cancer early diagnosis by introducing the working principle and clinical application of silicon nanowires biosensor in detecting tumor markers.
METHODS:The first author searched PubMed, CNKI and Google Scholar Databases to retrieve relevant articles about tumor marker, working principle and application of silicon nanowires biosensor published from 2003 to 2013. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:Silicon nanowires biosensors with high sensitivity and without secondary marks show a good application prospect in detecting tumor markers. They have been used to detect tumor markers for prostate cancer, breast cancer, tumor markers of colorectal cancer, and primary liver cancer, and achieved an ideal limit of detection. However, due to the influence of debye length, most of detections can only be performed in the standard solution. There is a lack of the serum data of cancer patients.

Xinjiang Medical University follows the law of medical education and gradualness , has a system re-form for the medical humanities teaching course system , teaching contents , teaching methods by increasing the comprehensive and innovative design , research , teaching and practice teaching content , and trying to build a set of teaching and practice in the integration of medical humanities quality education mode .The first is the emphasis on the whole of medical humanities quality education and systemic .Secondly , we must integrate human resources , strengthen synergy cooperate , common development .The third is to use scientific research project to promote the medical humanism quality education from the ascent of the form content to method means .The fourth is to explore the medical humanistic quality education of the PBL teaching mode .

The effect of adrenomedullin (AM) on insulin sensitivity in normal Wistar rats was investigated by hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp in combination with isotope dilution technique. The infusion rates of AM during the clamp were 0, 0.05, 0.2, 1 ?g?kg~(-1)?min~(-1), rspectively. The glucose disposal rate (GDR) and hepatic glucose output (HGO) were calculated by the plasma 3-~(3)H-glucose specific activity. After AM infusion, the insulin-mediated glucose disposal was reduced in a dose-dependant manner. It indicated that high dose of AM could induce a marked state of insulin resistance, which was mainly characterized by inhibition of the effect of insulin to stimulate peripheral glucose metabolism.

This article reviews a recently d is covered new peptide-growth hormone-releasing peptide: ghrelin. Ghrelin is secr eted by various tissues of body, mainly by gastric tissue. Ghrelin regulates GH release from pituitary, participates in the regulation of energy metabolism, inh ibits the proliferation of tumor cells and influences the cardiovascular functio n and the release of other hormones. The study of ghrelin in many fields is prel iminary and needs further investigation.