We performed surgical treatment for 21 patients of airway obstructions associated with congenital heart disease from December 1986 to March 1993. In all patients perioperative bronchoscopy demonstrated the cause and site of airway obstructions. Seven patients with corrective cardiac surgery (7/7), 7 with palliative cardiac surgery (7/10) and 2 with surgery for airway diseases (2/4) could be weaned from respirators following surgical treatment. Five patients died postoperatively. A respirator was required in 16 patients (76%) preoperatively. The suspension of pulmonary artery with intraoperative bronchoscopy was carried out in 6 patients. Five (5/6) were successfully extubated earlier postoperative day (mean 8.4 days), whereas only five in 10 patients without that procedure could be weaned from the respirator at a mean of 2 months. Identification of potential airway obstruction and early extubation is needed to reduce the mortality and morbidity caused by airway obstruction associated with congenital heart disease. Preoperative bronchoscopy is useful for diagnosis of airway obstructions and essential for decision making concerning surgical treatment. To early extubation in patients with marked airway obstructions, we recommend appropriate choice of the surgical procedure combined the suspension of pulmonary artery.

Seven patients with congenital heart defects suffered from multiple major hemorrhages from the lung after surgery and 5 of them died at 8 to 54 postoperative days because of respiratory insufficiency. In a patient with tetralogy of Fallot associated with pulmonary atresia, bleeding occured after the second shunt operation, presumably from rupture of bronchial collateral vessels. The clinical diagnoses of the other 6 patients were coarctation of the aorta (CoA) with common atrioventricular canal (CAVC) in 1, triple shunt in 1, persistent truncus arteriosus in 2, total anomalous pulmonary venous connection in 1 and CAVC in 1. Subclavian flap aortoplasty was performed without pulmonary artery banding in the patient with CoA and CAVC, whereas complete repair was performed in the other 5 patients. As these patients were associated with severe pulmonary hypertension preoperatively and 4 of them encountered pulmonary hypertensive crisis, the hemorrhage from the lung may be related to pre and postoperative high pressure of the pulmonary artery. Dilatation and rupture of the pulmonary capillary net was demonstrated in the patient with CoA and CAVC. These findings suggest the hypothesis that bleeding occurred due to rupture of the capillary net as a result of transmission of high pressure. Major bleeding from the lung is a rare but catastrophic complication after repair of congenital heart defects. As the treatment is difficult, early surgical intervention and treatment of postoperative pulmonary hypertension are important in complex lesions with severe pulmonary hypertension.

The incidence of ventricular subepicardial aneurysm following myocardial infarction is quite low. We report a case of subepicardial aneurysm that was diagnosed on postoperative pathohistologic examination. A 69-year-old man was admitted to our hospital because of left ventricular aneurysm following myocardial infarction. The patient had left main trunk disease, triple-vessel coronary artery desease and low output syndrome. Under cardiopulmonary bypass with the heart arrested, the aneurysm was resected and the defect was closed. The suture line was reinforced using Teflon felt and GRF glue. A saphenous vein graft was anastmosed to the left anterior descending artery. On pathohistologic examination, the wall of the aneurysm was found to be composed of fibrotic tissue, myocardial fibers, medium-sized pericardial arteries, epicardium and fibrin thrombi. We diagnosed this as subepicardial aneurysm.

A 22-year-old man was hospitalized due to severe back pain having being diagnosed as Stanford type A aortic dissection, AAE, mitral regurgitation and pectus excavatum associated with Marfan's syndrome. A single staged operation including ascending aortic replacement, mitral valve replacement and sternal turnover with a rectus muscle pedicle was carried out in order to keep the blood supply to the plastron to reduce the risk of infection during such a long operation. By this approach, it was found that the operative field was excellent and postoperative hemodynamics were stable. However, frail plastron occurred because of difficulties in keeping the patient stabilized because of severe pain thus re-fixation was required. The necessity of strong pain control after such an operation was also recognized.

Under scheduled anticoagulation therapy, surgery for abdominal aortic aneurysm was performed in 4 patients who had undergone heart valve surgery and implantation of a mechanical prosthesis. Warfarin and antiplatelet agents were prescribed in all cases preoperatively. Antiplatelet agents were discontinued from seven to 10 days before operation. Warfarin was stopped from two to three days before operation and heparin (200IU/kg/day) was administered by continuous intravenous infusion to produce an activated clotting time of around 150 seconds. Bolus intravenous heparin of 3, 000 IU was added before aortic crossclamp. Oral anticoagulants were resumed from the beginning of oral intake, and heparin was stopped when the prothrombin time reached therapeutic levels (% PT=40%). In three patients perioperative courses were uneventful. Intraperitoneal hemorrhage occurred in one patient who simultaneously underwent cholecystectomy and aneurysmectomy with Y-grafting. He required blood transfusion and interruption of anticoagulation. Brain thromboembolism occurred in this patient 26 days after the operation. We believe that scheduled anticoagulation for the operation of abdominal aortic aneurysm is safe and useful in patients with prior prosthetic heart valve surgery. However, the coexistence of coagulopathy requires more intensive anticoagulation therapy.

The aim of this study was to investigate food intake, serum leptin levels, and leptin mRNA expression during the sexual cycle in rats. Female Wistar-Imamichi rats aged 8-10 weeks were used in this experiment. Food intake was measured during the light and dark phases (light on at 07:00 and off at 19:00) of the 4-day estrous cycle in female rats. Serum leptin levels were measured by ELISA, and leptin mRNA expression levels were analyzed using real-time PCR on diestrous- and proestrous-stage rats. Our results revealed that during the sexual cycle, food intake was significantly higher in the dark phase compared with the light phase. Food intake in proestrous females was significantly lower in the light and dark phases compared with the other groups. Serum leptin concentrations were significantly higher in both phases in proestrous rats compared with diestrous rats. There was a significant increase in leptin mRNA expression in adipose tissue during the proestrous period compared with the diestrous period. These findings suggest that increased leptin mRNA expression and serum leptin levels, which are induced by estrogen during the proestrous stage, may play a role in regulating appetitive behavior.
Adipose Tissue ; Aged ; Animals ; Appetitive Behavior ; Eating ; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay ; Estrogens ; Estrous Cycle ; Female ; Humans ; Leptin ; Light ; Rats ; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction ; RNA, Messenger

PURPOSE: Recent reports have posed doubts about the effect of preradiosurgical embolization in brain arteriovenous malformation (AVM) because it makes the planning of stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) difficult and has the risk of recanalization out of the target. We investigated whether the performance and quality of embolization may influence the success of SRS based on a retrospective case cohort study. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Seventy-three patients who underwent embolization followed by SRS between 2003 and 2012 in eight institutes with neurointerventionists were considered. They were divided into the following two groups at 3 years of follow up after the final SRS: “successful occlusion group” (S group), with radiologically complete occlusion of AVM; and “non-successful occlusion group” (N group) with persistent remnant nidus or abnormal vascular networks. Patient background, AVM profile, embolization performance grade and complications were compared in each group. The quality of embolization was evaluated with the new grading system: embolization performance grade (E grade), specializing the achievement of nidus embolization. E grade A was defined as sufficient nidus embolization with more than half of the total number of feeders achieving nidus penetration. E grade B was defined as less than half achievement of nidus embolization, and E grade C was defines as failure to perform nidus embolization. RESULTS: Forty-three patients were included in the S group, and 29 patients were included in the N group. The size and Spetzler-Martin grade of AVM and the rate of diffuse type was higher in the N group without statistical significance. The embolization performance level according to E grade indicated a significantly higher rate of successful embolization with more than 50% of nidus penetration in the S group (P<0.001). This difference was also confirmed in the subanalysis for limited cases, excluding smaller AVMs with complete occlusion with SRS alone (P=0.001). CONCLUSION: The cause of the unsuccessful result of post-embolization SRS might be the large, diffuse angioarchitecture, but proper embolization with a high rate of nidus penetration to avoid recanalization is more important. Effective embolization is essential to contribute to and promote the effect of radiosurgery.
Academies and Institutes ; Arteriovenous Malformations* ; Asian Continental Ancestry Group* ; Brain ; Cohort Studies ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Radiosurgery ; Retrospective Studies*

The surgical outcome is worse when VSP is attempted soon after myocardial infarction due to the more poor general condition, preoperative cardiogenic shock, fragile infarcted myocardial tissue. We successfully rescued a 80-year cardiopulmonary arrest patient who was suffering from subacute postinfarcted VSP complicated by the left ventricular aneurysm. The VSP was closed with the sandwich patch technique approached from both ventricles. The left ventricular aneurysm was repaired with endoventricular circular patch plasty.