No abstract available.
9,10-Dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene* ; Tocopherols*

OBJECTIVE: Thanks to the development of combining computer technology and communications, the concept of communications is undergoing radical changes. Using this method of communicating we have developed an Internet homepage of our department and another designated Medmark-neurosurgery. This homepage will be used to educate not only patients with neurosurgical disorders, but also residents in the neurosurgical field. It will be a forum for physicians to communicate among each other to discuss new skills, keep abreast of current develop-ments and share resources to enhance their practices. METHODS: The Internet homepage resources reside on an Alpha 1000 and local area networking system. Microsoft Windows NT and 95 were applied for both server and client use. Software for client use is also included. Uniform resource locator is SCHUH-neurosurgery is'http://hosp.sch.sch.ac.kr/ns' and for Medmark-neurosurgery it is'http://medmark.org/ns'. Material intended specifically for the neurosurgeon is classified and will be loaded on the server. RESULTS: The SCHUH-neurosurgery site had 3862 accesses for 2 years. The main page showed clinical, research and educational information. Personal homepage showed curriculum vitae, publications, research and clinical interest. It has been found to be very useful in communicating with neurosurgeons worldwide. The Medmark-neurosurgery homepage categorized 200 sites as 23 general information(23%), 9 consumer(4.5%), 8 association(4.0%), 56 departments(28%), 6 journals(3.0%), and 98 specialty(49%). Among the specialty sites were anatomy, tumor, vascular subcategories and much more information. CONCLUSIONS: We will present ideas on current and future applications of the Internet homepage in reference to neurosurgery with a comprehensive list of neurosurgical resources available on the Internet.
Curriculum ; Humans ; Internet* ; Local Area Networks ; Neurosurgery* ; Tocopherols

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: A pivotal role of oxidative stress has been emphasized in the pathogenesis as well as in the disease progression of Parkinson's disease (PD). We aimed at investigating serum levels of antioxidant vitamins and elucidating whether they could be associated with the pathogenesis and progression of PD. MATERIALS/METHODS: Serum levels of retinol, α- and γ-tocopherols, α- and β-carotenes, lutein, lycopene, zeaxanthin and β-cryptoxanthin were measured and compared between 104 patients with idiopathic PD and 52 healthy controls matched for age and gender. In order to examine the relationship between antioxidant vitamins and the disease progression, multiple group comparisons were performed among the early PD (Hoehn and Yahr stage I and II, N = 47), advanced PD (stage III and IV, N = 57) and control groups. Separate correlation analyses were performed between the measured antioxidant vitamins and clinical variables, such as Hoehn and Yahr stage and Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) motor score. RESULTS: Compared to controls, PD patients had lower levels of α- and β-carotenes and lycopene. α-carotene, β-carotene and lycopene levels were significantly reduced in advanced PD patients relative to early PD patients and were negatively correlated with Hoehn and Yahr stage and UPDRS motor score in PD patients. No significant differences were found in serum levels of retinol, α- and γ-tocopherols, and other carotenoids between PD patients and controls. No significant correlations were found between these vitamin levels and clinical variables in PD patients. CONCLUSIONS: We found that serum levels of some carotenoids, α-carotene, β-carotene and lycopene, were lower in PD patients, and that these carotenoids inversely correlated with clinical variables representing disease progression. Our findings suggest that decreases in serum α-carotene, β-carotene and lycopene may be associated with the pathogenesis as well as progression of PD.
Carotenoids ; Disease Progression ; Humans ; Lutein ; Oxidative Stress ; Parkinson Disease* ; Tocopherols* ; Vitamin A* ; Vitamins ; Zeaxanthins

BACKGROUND: The mordern people live in excessive stress This stress seems to be related to various diseases. The increase of daily stressful life also seems to relate closely to serum lipids and antioxidants. This study attempted to show how much daily life stress affects serum lipids and antioxidants. METHODS: sixty one healthy people who visited health screening center of a university hospital were enrolled for this study from October to November, 1998. In the survey of daily life stress, the Holmes and Rahe's Readjustment Rating Scale, which was modified by Hong and Jung were used. The subjects were interviewed about the life stress during the past one year. The levels of retinol, beta-carotene, vitamin C, tocopherol, HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, total cholesterol, triglyceride were measured. The subjects were divided into three groups by the stress scores. Kruskal-Wallis test was used for analysis. Dependent variables were antioxidants in each group. RESULTS: There as no significant meaning in the comparison between each stress groups and the level of serum lipids, and between each stress group and the level of antioxidants. CONCLUSION: The level of antioxidants was not related to stress. More studies are needed for further evaluation of the results.
Antioxidants ; Ascorbic Acid ; beta Carotene ; Cholesterol ; Humans ; Mass Screening ; Stress, Psychological ; Tocopherols ; Triglycerides ; Vitamin A

Generally, the postoperative failure of glaucoma filtrationsurgery(GFS) is caused by scarring of filtering site. Mitomycin C(MMC) has been commonly used for preventing the scarring of filtering site. Though the antifibroblastic effect of this drug is approved clinically, its cytotoxic side effect cannot be overlooked,. alpha-tocopherol is known to inhibit proliferation of fibroblast without cytotoxic complications. In this study, we used alpha-tocopherol in GFS of rabbits and investigated the maintenance of bleb formation, complications and inhibition of fibroblast proliferation compared with MMC. Thirty six rabbits were divided into 6 groups Negative control groups were the balanced salt solution soaked group and the 19% ethanol soaked group and positive control group was soaked with 0.2mg/ml MMC during GFS. As experimental groups, group I, II, III were soaked with 100micrometer, 1mM and 10mM alpha-tocopherol. The results were as follows: For the maintenance of bleb formation, at postoperative 2 weeks, all extinguished in negative control groups and each experimental groups from I to III showed 16.7%, 33.3%, 50%, with highest rate of 66.7% in MMC soaked group, but at 2 months, group III and MMC soaked group showed 33.3% equally. Various complications were present in MMC soaked group but rare in alpha-tocopherol soaked groups. On histologic examinations, proliferation of fibroblast and infiltration of lymphocyte in group II, III and MMC soaked group except group I were much less than those of negative control groups and the degree of inhibition was proportional to concentration of tocopherol. There was no statistic difference(P>0.05) in area of reticulin fibers between group III and MMC soaked group and antifibroblastic effects were also similar between these two groups. These result suggest when directlyconcentration(1mM<) as much as MMC. Moreover, it is expected to be used more safely during GFS withous serious cytotoxic complications. However, application method, dosageand possible long term complications.
alpha-Tocopherol* ; Blister ; Cicatrix ; Ethanol ; Fibroblasts* ; Filtering Surgery* ; Filtration* ; Glaucoma* ; Lymphocytes ; Mitomycin ; Rabbits* ; Reticulin ; Tocopherols

BACKGROUND: Recently the tocopherol, which has been proven as an antioxidant, has also been found to possess non-antioxidant roles such as anti-inflammatory and chemopreventive effects, which has heightened the importance of rapid, accurate and reliable testing methods. We evaluated the performance of normal phase high-pressure liquid chromatography (NP-HPLC) for analysis of tocopherol in serum. METHODS: The chromatographic separation parameters, linearity, precision, accuracy and detection limit were evaluated. The analytical column was hypersil silica (4.6 mm*200 mm*5 micrometer, Thermo Electron Corporation, Keystone, PA, USA) and mobile phase comprised 2% (v/v) of isopropanol in n-hexane. Analyses were run at a flow rate of 0.7 mL/min at 295 nm. RESULTS: The run time of separation of tocopherol was completed in less than 15 minutes and its retention factor (0.61-2.13) and resolution including positional isomers ( beta- and gamma-tocopherol) were excellent. Their linearity was good (r>0.999). The coefficient of variation (CV) at medium and high concentrations did not exceed 15% and those at low concentrations did not exceed 20%. The range of its recovery was 91.4-107.8% and bias was within 15%. The detection limits of alpha-, beta-, gamma- and delta-tocopherol were 0.038, 0.064, 0.078 and 0.049, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: NP-HPLC provided a rapid, accurate and reliable performance for the separation of tocopherol and would be helpful as a routine method in the clinical laboratory.
2-Propanol ; Bias (Epidemiology) ; Chromatography, Liquid* ; Limit of Detection ; Silicon Dioxide ; Tocopherols*

The mechanism responsible for the formation of sunburn cells in mammalian skin is unknown. However it is suggested that the reactive free radicals and oxygen species generated by UV radiation are causing oxidative reactions in certain keratinocytes that are manifestated in the form of dyskeratotic cells and free radical scavengers such as a-tocopherol acetate or p-carotene were thought to be photoprotective against sunburn radiation. In the present study, we evaluated the effect of single and multiple applications of n-tocopherol acetate(a-TCA) and p-carotene on the formation of sunburn cells. We also determined the effect of these two antioxidants on the sunburn reartion by UVB irradiation. The results were as follows : 1. Both a-tocopheroJ acetate and p-carotene were photoprotective and prevented the formation of sunburn cells and sunburn reaction. 2. Topical p-carotene was less photoprotective than u-tocopherol acetate. 3. Topical use of a-tocopherol acetate and p-carotene in dose range exceeding 1,000 pgcm could provide photoprotective effect if the UVB exposure doses were less than 300 mJ/cm'( 3 MED)
Animals ; Antioxidants ; Carotenoids* ; Free Radical Scavengers ; Free Radicals ; Guinea Pigs* ; Guinea* ; Keratinocytes ; Oxygen ; Skin ; Sunburn ; Tocopherols*

Vitamin E has been a generic term for all tocopherol and tocotrienol derivatives. The most active form of vitamin E isoforms in vivo is regarded to be alpha-tocopherol which is the only form defined as vitamin E in the US Food and Nutrition Board, causing controversy over setting dietary reference intake (DRI) of vitamin E. However, most of the countries other than the US maintain the original concept that all isoforms are accepted as vitamin E but with different biopotency. The roles of the isoforms of vitamin E other than alpha-tocopherol have received continuous attention. Among them those of gamma-tocopherol and alpha-tocotrienol have been most studied in comparison with alpha-tocopherol, since gamma-tocopherol comprises major form of vitamin E in many plant seeds and those of the both vitamin E have been implicated in unique physiological functions. This review summarizes findings that have led a better understanding of vitamin E absorption, transport, tissue storage and various functions common and specific to vitamin E isoforms focusing alpha- and gamma-tocopherol as well as tocotrienols. It is expected to help redefining vitamin E and setting its DRI for Koreans.
Absorption ; alpha-Tocopherol ; gamma-Tocopherol ; Plants ; Protein Isoforms ; Seeds ; Tocopherols ; Tocotrienols ; Vitamin E ; Vitamins

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to determine trends in dietary vitamin E intakes and contributing food groups among Korean adults. METHODS: This study included 66,695 subjects aged ≥ 19 years who completed a nutrition survey as part of the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1998, 2001, 2005, 2007~2009, 2010~2012, 2013~2015). We estimated individual daily intakes of α-, β-, γ-, δ-tocopherol, and total vitamin E by linking food consumption data with a vitamin E database of commonly consumed foods. RESULTS: Daily vitamin E intake significantly increased from 6.4 mg α-TE/d in 1998 to 7.7 mg α-TE/d in 2013~2015 (p for trend < 0.0001) among men as well as from 5.4 mg α-TE/d in 1998 to 6.5 mg α-TE/d in 2013~2015 among women (p for trend < 0.0001). However, the intake of vitamin E was lower than the adequate intake (AI) of Dietary Reference Intakes for Koreans 2015 (2015 KDRI). In 2013~2015, men consumed 6.5 mg/d of α-tocopherol, 0.5 mg/d of β-tocopherol, 6.0 mg/d of γ-tocopherol, and 3.9 mg/d of δ-tocopherol, whereas women consumed 5.7 mg/d of α-tocopherol, 0.4 mg/d of β-tocopherol, 4.8 mg/d of γ-tocopherol, and 2.8 mg/d of δ-tocopherol. The major food groups contributing to vitamin E intake were vegetables (men: 23.3%, women: 22.7%), grains (men: 14.5%, women: 13.9%), and eggs (men: 13.0%, women: 12.5%). CONCLUSION: This study provides scientific evidence for vitamin E intake in Korean adults. Since the current intake of vitamin E was lower than the reference intakes set by 2015 KDRI, dietary vitamin E intake should be monitored regularly among Korean adults.
Adult* ; Eggs ; Female ; Humans ; Korea* ; Male ; Nutrition Surveys* ; Ovum ; Recommended Dietary Allowances ; Tocopherols ; Vegetables ; Vitamin E* ; Vitamins*

BACKGROUND: Paraquat is a widely used herbicide, known to cause lethal toxicity in humans. Most studies about paraquat have concentrated on systemic toxicity, however several cases of paraquat-induced dermatitis have been reported. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to confirm the cutaneous toxic effect of paraquat and to select potential antidotes in paraquat-induced dermatitis. METHODS: Keratinocyte toxicity due to paraquat and the toxicity reduction capacity of several drugs were investigated in eitro. Topical effects of these drugs on paraquat-induced dermatitis in guinea pig skin was also investigated. RESULTS: Over 50% of keratinocytes failed to survive at a concentration of 2X10-4M paraquat by a neutral red uptake assay. Skin irritation by paraquat was observed at 2% concentration by non-invasive methods as well as a skin biopsy. Dexamethasone, glutathione and tocopherol showed some capacity to reduce paraquat-induced keratinocyte toxicity in vitro. Only dexamethasone, however, showed a reduction of cutaneous blood flow volume and dermal inflammatory cell infiltration in the guinea pig study. CONCLUSION: This result indicates the possible in eitro protective effect of paraquat toxicity in glutathione and tocopherol. Dexamethasone was capable of reducing paraquat-induced cytotoxicity and dermatitis both in vitro and in vivo.
Animals ; Antidotes* ; Biopsy ; Dermatitis ; Dexamethasone ; Glutathione ; Guinea Pigs ; Humans ; In Vitro Techniques ; Keratinocytes ; Neutral Red ; Paraquat* ; Skin* ; Tocopherols