No abstract available.
Nicotine* ; Tobacco Use Cessation Products*

No abstract available.
Nicotine* ; Tobacco Use Cessation Products*

No abstract available.
Nicotine* ; Tobacco Use Cessation Products* ; Tobacco*

Recently, fatal nicotine intoxications with electronic cigarette liquid have increased in Korea, but various kinds of cigarettes and smoking cessation aids may also cause fatal poisoning. We report cases of fatal nicotine intoxications involving causes other than the use of liquid nicotine. A 29-year-old woman (case 1) found dead in a hotel room with about 70 patches (21 mg dose) of nicotine on her body. Blood nicotine levels were 7.68 mg/L (heart) and 3.25 mg/L (femoral). A toxic level of zolpidem was also detected. A 28-year-old Uzbekistan man (case 2) was found dead in his uncle's room with his face covered with chewing tobacco. Blood nicotine levels were 7.3 mg/L (heart) and 4.6 mg/L (femoral). Blood alcohol level was 0.139%. A 55-year-old man (case 3) bit his tongue. As he was taken to the hospital, his wife put tobacco powders in his mouth for hemostasis, and he died of cardiac arrest. Blood nicotine levels were 2.01 mg/L (heart) and 0.96 mg/L (femoral). Nicotine-related deaths can be caused by various types of administration including transdermal and transmucosal routes, and relatively small doses may cause death, so meticulous investigation should be taken when such deaths are suspected.
Adult ; Blood Alcohol Content ; Electronic Cigarettes ; Female ; Heart Arrest ; Hemostasis ; Humans ; Korea ; Middle Aged ; Mouth ; Nicotine ; Poisoning ; Powders ; Smoking Cessation ; Spouses ; Tobacco ; Tobacco Products ; Tobacco Use Cessation Products ; Tobacco, Smokeless ; Tongue ; Uzbekistan

E-cigarettes, heat-not-burn (HNB) tobacco, and other new types of tobacco products are emerging in Korea. These products are particularly popular among smokers who are looking for less harmful means of tobacco consumption, and are highly relevant for existing tobacco control policies. E-cigarettes, which are electronic devices designed to allow the user to inhale nicotine as a vapor, are controversial in terms of their safety and effects on smoking cessation, as a variety of harmful substances have been detected in e-cigarette vapor. Due to policy differences in tobacco harm reduction, the regulations on e-cigarettes differ from country to country, and domestic regulations regulate e-cigarettes in a manner similar to conventional cigarettes. In contrast, HNB tobacco was introduced in Korea in June 2017, and is rapidly expanding in the market, as active marketing campaigns seek to communicate to consumers that HNB tobacco use involves no tar and is less harmful to health. However, the World Health Organization and several professional groups have argued that based on independent studies not supported by tobacco companies, HNB tobacco should be regulated in the same way as conventional cigarettes because there is no evidence that HNB tobacco is less harmful. Clinicians need to expand their understanding of new tobacco products so that they can provide appropriate counseling.
Counseling ; Electronic Cigarettes ; Harm Reduction ; Korea ; Marketing ; Nicotine ; Smoking Cessation ; Social Control, Formal ; Tobacco Products ; Tobacco Use ; Tobacco ; World Health Organization

No abstract available.
Nicotine* ; Smoke* ; Smoking Cessation* ; Smoking* ; Tobacco Use Cessation Products*

Graphic warning labels (GWLs) have been developed as a representative non-price policy to block such marketing. This study investigated the current state and effect of the global introduction of GWLs and examines the future tasks related to GWLs. We systematically reviewed literatures on GWL and a tobacco control strategy in the past fifteen years. The policy of enforcing GWLs has spread globally based on the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control. GWLs are more effective than text warnings and are implemented in over 70 countries. The policy has showed the impact of GWLs as a preventive effect on adolescents' smoking, inducement of smoking cessation, reduction in the amount of tobacco smoked, and reduction in smoking rates. The success of an anti-smoking policy can manifests itself as an effect of individual policies, the rise of tobacco prices, and the introduction of GWLs.
Health Policy ; Health Promotion ; Internationality* ; Marketing ; Smoke* ; Smoking Cessation ; Smoking* ; Tobacco ; Tobacco Products* ; Tobacco Use

OBJECTIVES: The Nicotine Dependence Syndrome Scale has been reported as valid and useful measure for assessment of the level and the pattern of nicotine dependence. The aim of this study is to prove the validity and reliability of the Korean version of Nicotine Dependence Syndrome Scale and find out its predictive effect on smoking cessation. METHODS: 274 smokers who visited the public health center smoking cessation clinic were enrolled in this study. Fagerstrom test and K-NDSS were administered and the subjects started smoking cessation after basic assessment was done with the aid of bupropion and nicotine patch. Six month later smoking cessation success or failure was assessed through self report. RESULTS: K-NDSS factor structure was very similar to the original version of NDSS and has proved to be valid and reliable. Cronbach's alpha for K-NDSS-Total was .90, and Cronbach's alpha for each sub-factors are ranged from .66 to .85. Sub-factor, continuity and stereotypy can predict the possibility of smoking cessation success or failure. CONCLUSION: K-NDSS was proved to be a valid and a reliable measure of nicotine dependence, and its sub-factor continuity and stereotypy has predictive characteristic on smoking cessation.
Bupropion ; Nicotine* ; Public Health ; Reproducibility of Results ; Self Report ; Smoking ; Smoking Cessation ; Tobacco Use Cessation Products ; Tobacco Use Disorder*

Craving has been well known to be the most important clinical phenomenon in smoking cessation treatment and one that physicians always encounter. For successful and prolonged abstinence, understanding, evaluation, and management of craving are essential. The concept and definition of craving is still under debate, although its importance, relevance, and role in smoking relapse is evident. There are two types of craving, 'abstinence-induced craving' and 'cue-induced craving' according to time dynamic and causes. The evaluation of craving mainly depends on self-reported measures in the clinical field. Pharmacological treatments such as the nicotine patch, bupropion, and varenicline are effective for abstinence-induced craving. Psychosocial treatment and a few pharmacological agents such as nicotine gum and lozenges are useful for reducing cue-induced craving. This review was aimed at conveying up-to-date information on the characteristics, evaluation, and treatment of craving. Development of objective measurement tool for evaluation of craving is needed. The effects of pharmacological treatments on 'cue-induced craving' remain to be discovered. An active effort to alleviate each type of craving is necessary to enhance and prolong a patient's abstinence.
Benzazepines ; Bupropion ; Gingiva ; Nicotine ; Quinoxalines ; Recurrence ; Smoke ; Smoking ; Smoking Cessation ; Tobacco Use Cessation Products ; Tobacco Use Disorder ; Varenicline

BACKGROUND: The harmfulness of cigarette smoking is widely known, as a result the interest of smoking cessation is increasing. Some smoking cessation methods have tried at clinical setting, but with exception of nicotine replacement therapy, the long term result is not satisfactory. The objective of this study is to determine of smoking cessation effectiveness of aromatherapy, which one of the alternative medicine, attracted public attention recently. METHODS: All participants of this study used nicotine patch, and as a double blind randomized control study with use of natural herb aroma which is known to have tranquility effect and placebo(artificial lemon perfume). The subjects consist of Dan Kook University Hospital workers who volunteered as smoking cessation. 6 weeks of smoking cessation program was conducted using nicotine patch and aroma or nicotine patch and placebo, and the result were verified 6 weeks and 6 month after the start of smoking cessation. RESULT: Fifty three male persons(27 in aroma, 26 in placebo) participated and three subjects(2 in aroma, one in placebo) were dropped out. In two groups, participants with successful results were 13 persons in aroma group, and 14 persons in placebo group at 6 week later, and 6 persons and 7 persons respective at 6 month later. There was no statistical difference in two groups. CONCLUSION: There was no statistical difference between the herb aroma and placebo with smoking cessation effect.
Aromatherapy* ; Complementary Therapies ; Humans ; Male ; Nicotine ; Smoke* ; Smoking Cessation* ; Smoking* ; Tobacco Use Cessation Products