OBJECTIVETo investigate the current status of smoking and passive smoking among Chinese females to provide evidence for related strategy development.

METHODSData from 32 720 women aged 45-65 years old who participated in the 2008 to 2010 Chinese Multi-center Women Breast Cancer Screening Project, were used to analyze the prevalence rates of smoking/heavy smoking, daily smoking, smoking cessation, successful smoking cessation, passive smoking, etc.

RESULTSA total of 913 females, accounted for 2.8% of all the women in the study, had reported the history of smoking. There were significant differences seen regarding the prevalence rates of smoking in different regions (Beijing, 2.8%; Tianjin, 5.9%; Nanchang, 1.7%; Feicheng, 0.9%; Shenyang, 1.8%). The prevalence rates of current smoking, daily smoking, and heavy smoking were 1.8%, 1.0% and 0.2%, respectively. The prevalence rates of smoking and current smoking increased with age but not the prevalence rates of daily smoking and heavy smoking. Among the smokers, the median initiation age of smoking, the median daily cigarette per day, and median year of smoking were 30 years old, 10 cigarette, and 16 years, respectively. And the prevalence rates of smoking cessation and successful smoking cessation were 19.1% and 8.2%. The prevalence rate of passive smoking was 45.7% (12 730/27 874). After combing the number of smokers and the number of passive smokers, the total exposure rate to tobacco was 41.8% (13 670/32 720).

CONCLUSIONThere was a relatively low level of smoking among Chinese females, so as the rate of smoking cessation. However, passive smoking presented a relatively high level among Chinese females.

Aged ; China ; epidemiology ; Female ; Humans ; Middle Aged ; Prevalence ; Smoking ; epidemiology ; Tobacco Smoke Pollution ; statistics & numerical data

PURPOSE: This study has examined effectiveness of a secondhand smoking prevention program for adolescents. METHODS: The study was done in a nonequivalent control group pretest/posttest design. The subjects of the current study were 198 middle school students from K city in the Gyeongbuk province. The students were assigned to an experimental group (100) and participated in the secondhand smoking prevention program or to a control group (98) and did not take part. Data collection was done from June to July 2012. A Chi-square test, independent t-test, paired t test and ANCOVA were used with the SPSS 18.0 program for data analysis. RESULTS: There were significant differences between the groups in knowledge of short-term influence of secondhand smoking (F=9.65, p<.005), knowledge of long-term influence of secondhand smoking (F=15.53, p<.001), verbal coping skills for secondhand smoking prevention (F=16.35, p<.001), behavioral coping skills for secondhand smoking prevention (F=8.49, p<.005), and assertiveness of secondhand smoking prevention (F=17.30, p<.001) measurements. CONCLUSION: The secondhand smoking prevention program delivered to the adolescents is an effective method of encouraging secondhand smoking prevention and can be utilized as an effective nursing intervention for adolescents.
Adaptation, Psychological ; Adolescent* ; Assertiveness ; Data Collection ; Gyeongsangbuk-do ; Humans ; Nursing ; Smoking ; Statistics as Topic ; Tobacco Smoke Pollution*

OBJECTIVETo determine the extent of secondhand smoke exposure in China, and to explore the potential associated factors.

METHODSThis study was a nationally representative household survey examining secondhand smoke exposure of non-institutionalized men and women aged 15 and older using a global standardized geographically clustered sample design. A total of 13,354 people completed the individual questionnaire with questions on gender, age, educational level, residence, profession, potential factors associated with secondhand smoke exposure, and workplace smoking policy. The data were used to determine whole population estimates of secondhand smoke exposure.

RESULTSAmong non-smokers aged 15 years and older, it was estimated that 72.4% (556 million) were exposed to secondhand smoke, with 52.5% (292 million) exposed to secondhand smoke daily. The prevalence of secondhand smoke exposure was 74.1% for men, 71.6% for women, 70.5% for urban populations, and 74.2% for rural populations. The rates were 67.3%, 63.3%, and 72.7% respectively, within the household, indoor workplaces and public places. Secondhand smoke exposure was significantly reduced in workplaces with a smoking ban but not in workplaces with a partial smoking ban.

CONCLUSIONAlthough China has made some progress toward a smoke-free environment there remains a high degree of exposure to secondhand smoke.

Air Pollution, Indoor ; China ; epidemiology ; Female ; Health Surveys ; Humans ; Male ; Occupational Exposure ; Population Surveillance ; Tobacco Smoke Pollution ; statistics & numerical data

OBJECTIVETo describe the prevalence of smoking, quitting smoke, and passive smoking in different populations by education status, occupation and geographic distribution.

METHODSSurveillance on risk behaviors in 145 disease surveillance points (DSP) was carried out in 2002 by multi-steps random sampling through questionnaires. 16,407 records had been completed with 16 056 used for analysis. Indicators as smoking, current smoking, average cigarettes smoked and the cost per day, etc., were calculated by weight on age proportions from the 2000 census.

RESULTSEver-smoking rates in males and females aged 15 and over were 66.0% and 3.1%, respectively with ever-smoking rate dropped 1.8% in whole population, but increased in people aged 15-24. The number of total smokers was about 350 million, 30 million more than that in 1996. There were no obvious geographic differences seen among male, but big difference was seen in female smokers. Higher smoking rates were seen in the northeast and northern parts of the country. Rate of quitting smoking was increasing, from 9.42% in 1996 to 11.5% in 2002, referring to an increase of 10 million quitters. However, the rate of no intention to quit among smokers was still very high--74%. The average cigarettes consumption per person-day was the same as that in 1996--14.8 cigarettes/day, which cost 2.73 RBM/day. The cost was various in different groups of population with a 15 times difference. The level of exposure for passive smokers was not improved. The prevalence of passive smoking in nonsmokers were 53% in 1996 and 52% in 2002. Knowledge on smoking and health condition in population had been greatly improved, but still poor in the western areas. 60% of the people claimed in supporting banning of smoking in public places, 45% supporting the banning of all cigarettes ads, but big difference was seen in different geographic areas.

CONCLUSIONThe prevalence of smoking in Chinese males had reached its peak, leveling but had not yet obvious dropped. Communication on the knowledge of harm in smoking remained weak since people did not understand or support the strategies on tobacco control, especially in the western areas. Data indicated that the prevalence of tobacco use would not decrease over in short period and the disease burden caused by tobacco use would still be heavy in the next 30-50 years. The government and public health authorities should develop effective tobacco control in no time to decrease disease burden caused by smoking and passive smoking.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Attitude to Health ; China ; epidemiology ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Prevalence ; Smoking ; epidemiology ; Smoking Cessation ; statistics & numerical data ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Tobacco Smoke Pollution ; statistics & numerical data ; Tobacco Use Disorder

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVEStudies of passive smoking exposure in China however are of particular interest, because of the high lung cancer rate in people who are mostly non-smokers. The aim of this study is to explore the relationship between passive smoking and lung cancer among non-smoking Chinese.

METHODSBy searching Medline, PubMed, CENTRAL (the Cochrane central register of controlled trials), CBM, CNKI and VIP, et al, we collected both domestic and overseas published documents between 1987 and 2007 on passive smoking and lung cancer among non-smoking Chinese. Random or fixed effect models were applied to conduct meta-analysis on the case control study results, and the combined odds ratio (OR) and the 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated as well.

RESULTSSixteen documents were included into the combined analysis, which indicated that there was statistical significance between passive smoking and lung cancer (OR = 1.13, 95% CI: 1.05-1.21, P = 0.001). It was significant of lung cancer among non-smoking subjects associated with amount of tobacco passively smoked more than 20 cigarettes daily, with life period in adulthood passive smoking exposure, with gender female, and with exposure to workplace. The P value, OR and 95% CI were P = 0.0003, OR = 1.78, 95% CI: 1.30-2.43; P = 0.0001, OR = 1.50, 95% CI: 1.23-1.83; P = 0.000 7, OR = 1.50, 95% CI: 1.19-1.90; P < 0.0001, OR = 1.41, 95% CI: 1.19-1.66; respectively. And there was no significant difference between passive smoking and lung cancer with amount of tobacco passively smoked within 20 cigarettes daily, with life period in childhood passive smoking exposure, with gender male and with exposure to spouse and parents.

CONCLUSIONPassive smoking is an important risk factor of lung cancer among non-smoking Chinese, and for non-smoking women who expose to environment tobacco smoke in a long period of time have a close relationship with lung cancer risk.

China ; epidemiology ; Female ; Humans ; Lung Neoplasms ; etiology ; Male ; Risk Factors ; Tobacco Smoke Pollution ; adverse effects ; statistics & numerical data

Age Distribution ; Aged ; China ; epidemiology ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Sex Distribution ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Tobacco Smoke Pollution ; statistics & numerical data

OBJECTIVETo reduce tobacco consumption and exposure to passive smoking in China.

METHODSDiscussion consisting of 80 focus groups and 35 interviews were held in three rural intervention counties of Jiangxi, Henan, and Sichuan Provinces. Participants came from hospitals, schools, rural areas, and urban areas.

RESULTSTobacco use and exposure to passive smoking were widely prevalent in the investigated schools, hospitals, county towns, and rural areas. Knowledge of the risks for passive smoking on health is lacking, especially in rural areas. Barriers to the control of tobacco use in public places include reluctance of administrators to implement tobacco control policies, lack of consistent policies, difficulties with regulations and enforcement, and reluctance of non-smokers to exercise their right to clean air.

CONCLUSIONTo curb the current tobacco epidemic in China, tobacco control efforts must focus on reducing exposure to passive smoking. A strategy should be formulated to reduce the factors that contribute to tobacco use and exposure to passive smoking.

China ; epidemiology ; Data Collection ; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice ; Hospitals ; Humans ; Schools ; Smoking ; psychology ; Social Responsibility ; Tobacco ; adverse effects ; Tobacco Smoke Pollution ; adverse effects ; prevention & control ; statistics & numerical data

Objective: To understand the rate on tobacco use and associated factors in junior middle school students in Shaanxi province. Methods: We used a multi-stage stratified random sampling method to select students from 30 junior middle schools in 10 areas of Shaanxi province in 2013. All the participants completed a self-administered questionnaire. Results: A total of 4 633 questionnaires were dispatched and 4 298 were qualified for further analysis. The current smoking rate of junior middle school students in Shaanxi was 6.5%, with rate in male (11.1%) higher than that of female students (1.7%). The current smoking rate of students in grade three (9.3%) was higher than those of students in grade one (3.5%) or in grade two (7.0%). The smoking rate of students with pocket money more than 31 Yuan per week was (10.0%) higher than those of students with pocket money less than 10 Yuan (4.6%) or 10-30 Yuan (6.3%) per week. Results from the logistic regression analysis showed that factors as: male, school located in the city, older age, with more pocket money, having smokers in the family and exposure to second hand smoking were high risk factors for current smoking. Conclusion: Rate on current smoking was high in junior middle schools students in Shaanxi, suggesting that comprehensive intervention programs be developed to reduce the rate of tobacco use in junior middle school students.
China/epidemiology* ; Cities ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Prevalence ; Schools ; Smoking/epidemiology* ; Students/statistics & numerical data* ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Tobacco Smoke Pollution/adverse effects* ; Tobacco Use/epidemiology*

OBJECTIVES: To identify any association between implementing smoking regulation policies and workers' urine cotinine concentration levels in Korea. METHODS: From the first stage of the Korean National Environmental Health Survey conducted by the National Institute of Environmental Research from 2009 to 2011, 2,475 non-smoking workers selected. We analyzed the trend in the changes of cotinine concentration in urine using the general linear model and linear regression, in various jobs as categorized by the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) and Korea Standard Classification of Occupations (KSCO). RESULTS: The urine cotinine concentration tended to decrease every year (2.91 ng/ml in 2009, 2.12 ng/ml in 2010, and 1.31 ng/ml in 2011), showing a decreasing trend (P < 0.001). The total subjects' decreased cotinine concentration in urine between 2009 and 2011 was 2.72 ng/ml (54.1 % relative decrease). The changes in each subgroup's urine cotinine concentration ranged from 1.59 to 6.03 ng/ml (33.2 to 77.5 %). All groups except for the managerial group (n = 49), which had a small sample size, had statistically significant negative regression coefficients (p < 0.05). The ranges of the decrease in urine cotinine were 2.75 ng/ml (53.6 %) for males and 2.72 ng/ml (54.9 %) for females. The negative slope in urine cotinine level was statistically significantly greater in men than women. The changes in urine cotinine by occupation as classified by the NCHS occupational categories ranged from 2.43 to 3.36 ng/ml (46.6 to 61.5 % relative decrease). The negative slopes in urine cotinine levels of the white-collar and farm workers were statistically significantly greater than those of the service workers and blue-collar workers. The change by occupation as classified by the KSCO ranged from 1.59 to 6.03 ng/ml (a 33.2 to 77.5 % relative decrease). The negative slopes in urine cotinine levels of the professionals and related workers and clerks were statistically significantly greater than those of the service workers and plant and machine operators and assemblers. CONCLUSIONS: The cotinine concentration in urine among non-smoking worker groups tended to decline from 2009 to 2011. Such a result may be an indirect indicator of the effectiveness of smoking regulation policies including the revision of the National Health Promotion Act.
Classification ; Cotinine* ; Environmental Health ; Female ; Health Promotion ; Humans ; Korea* ; Linear Models ; Male ; National Center for Health Statistics (U.S.) ; Occupations ; Plants ; Sample Size ; Smoke* ; Smoking* ; Tobacco Smoke Pollution

OBJECTIVETo analyze the association between hypertension and tobacco exposure Luoping county of Yunnan province and estimate the direct cost attributable to hypertension .

METHODSUsing Probability proportional to size (PPS) sampling method, 5000 rural residents aged over 18 years were selected from 12 townships in Luoping county, Yunnan province in April 2011, from which 4611 subjects completed the survey. Self-designed questionnaires were used to collect general information, smoking status, costs for outpatient consultation, inpatient, treatment, medication, travel, accommodation and extra-nutrition caused by hypertension as well as the information of health-related behavior. Their height, weight, waist circumference, hip circumference and blood pressure were measured. The direct economic burden of hypertension was calculated. Chi-square (χ(2)) test was used to compare gender differences of hypertension prevalence, smoking and passive smoking. And t test was used to compare the differences of direct economic burden of hypertension among different gender, smoking and passive smoking status. Multivariable logistic regression model was used to analyze the influence factors of hypertension.

RESULTSAmong the 4611 subjects, the age was (46.90 ± 16.74) years old. Male accounted for 49.8% (2294/4611) and female 50.2% (2317/4611) . The smoking rate was higher in males (75.7% (1736/2294)) than in females(1.6% (38/2317)) (χ(2) = 2669.21, P < 0.01). The passive smoking rate was lower in males (10.0% (230/2294)) than in females (46.2% (1070/2317)) (χ(2) = 744.27, P < 0.05). Non-tobacco exposure rate in males (14.3% (328/1537)) was lower than in females (52.2% (1209/1537)) (χ(2) = 744.37, P < 0.05) . The risk of hypertension in smokers and passive smokers were higher than those without tobacco exposure, OR (95%CI) was 1.41 (1.15-1.71) (P < 0.05) and 1.31 (1.07-1.63) (P < 0.05) respectively. The per capita direct cost of hypertension was (3444.09 ± 3067.83) Yuan. Of this, tobacco exposure (4552.46 ± 3189.05) Yuan was higher than non-tobacco exposure (1907.71 ± 1383.94) Yuan (t = -3.81, P < 0.05) . Moreover, smokers were (6951.71 ± 3422.87) Yuan higher than passive smokers (3128.09 ± 2083.17) Yuan (t = 3.19, P < 0.05) and males (5827.39 ± 3240.50) Yuan were higher than females (2633.03 ± 2569.01) Yuan (t = 3.22, P < 0.05) . The total direct costs of hypertension attributable to smoking and SHS was 41 million and 38 million, respectively.

CONCLUSIONBoth smoking and SHS had significant impact on prevalence and economic burden of hypertension in Luoping county. Implementing effective strategies to control tobacco exposure is useful to reduce the economic burden of hypertension in the study region.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; China ; epidemiology ; Cost of Illness ; Female ; Humans ; Hypertension ; economics ; epidemiology ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Rural Population ; Tobacco Smoke Pollution ; economics ; statistics & numerical data ; Young Adult