No abstract available.
Tobacco Smoke Pollution*

No abstract available.
Tobacco Smoke Pollution*

Background: Smoking is a known risk factor for many maternal and perinatal morbidities. Regrettably, as many as 69.8% of mothers, though not active smokers themselves, are exposed to second-hand cigarette smoke (SHS). No level of SHS exposure is safe. Due to the potential harmful effects to the mother and her unborn child, it is important to establish the effect of SHS exposure on neonatal outcome among our pregnant patients. Objective: To determining the effect of second hand cigarette smoke exposure on neonatal outcomes. Methods: Participants are patients with low risk singleton pregnancies who were going for prenatal check up and eventually delivered in secondary hospitals in Manila. Descriptive statistics was used to summarize the demographic and clinical characteristics of the patients. Null hypotheses were rejected at 0.05 ?-level of significance. The computer software STATA 13.1 was used for data analysis. Results: The husband was the most identified source of second-hand smoke. Maternal weight was also higher among the exposed group. The most significant effect of SHS exposure among newborns was a 103 grams difference in mean birth weight. There was no difference in pediatric aging, birth length, and anthropometric measurements. Conclusion The prevalence of smoking in Philippines remains high at 23.8% among adult population, majority being male adults. Exposure to second-hand smoke during pregnancy was noted to be as high as 69.8%. The most common source of second-hand smoke is the husband, and thus, he should be one of the targets of preventive strategies in second-hand smoke exposure.
Tobacco Smoke Pollution ; Pregnancy ;

1592 students from 1st class to 6th class in the school years 2000-2001 were enrolled into the study. Among student, general percentage of smoking were 14.10% (22.56% of male) and this percentage increased with the school grade, 1st class: 4.88%, 2nd class: 11.43%, 3rd class: 21.18%, with moderate smoker the mean consumption was 1.25 pack/year. The withdrawal percentage was 19.6%, among them 6.38% attempted to smoke again. In 95.9%, there was an awareness on the harm of smoking on health. 63% noted that teachers did not pay attention to tobacco control.
Smoke ; Students ; Tobacco Smoke Pollution ; epidemiology

BACKGROUND: Cotinine, a nicotine metabolite detected in urine, has been recommended as the best quantitative marker of smoking and environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) exposure. The aim of this study was to analyze the relationship between indoor ETS and urinary cotinine level of the passive smokers. METHODS: We selected 42 nonsmokers who lived in Seoul and were not exposed to passive smoking at least 5 days before test. Urinary cotinine levels were measured by Smokescreen Colorimeter (Surescreen Diagnostics LTD, U.K.). We measured urinary cotinine levels twice (before and after smoking exposure). RESULTS: The mean urinary cotinine level was 0.33microgram/mL before smoking exposure, and 0.46microgram/mL after smoking exposure. There was statistically significant difference (P-value=0.003). There was no significant difference between exposure time and increase of urinary cotinine level(P=0.138, r=-0.233). There was also no significant difference between measuring time taking after exposure and increase of urinary cotinine level (P=0.671, r=0.067). CONCLUSION: One experience of indoor exposure to ETS caused significant elevation of urinary cotinine level.
Cotinine* ; Nicotine ; Seoul ; Smoke* ; Smoking ; Tobacco ; Tobacco Smoke Pollution

BACKGROUND: Cotinine, a nicotine metabolite detected in urine, has been recommended as the best quantitative marker of smoking and environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) exposure. The aim of this study was to analyze the relationship between indoor ETS and urinary cotinine level of the passive smokers. METHODS: We selected 42 nonsmokers who lived in Seoul and were not exposed to passive smoking at least 5 days before test. Urinary cotinine levels were measured by Smokescreen Colorimeter (Surescreen Diagnostics LTD, U.K.). We measured urinary cotinine levels twice (before and after smoking exposure). RESULTS: The mean urinary cotinine level was 0.33microgram/mL before smoking exposure, and 0.46microgram/mL after smoking exposure. There was statistically significant difference (P-value=0.003). There was no significant difference between exposure time and increase of urinary cotinine level(P=0.138, r=-0.233). There was also no significant difference between measuring time taking after exposure and increase of urinary cotinine level (P=0.671, r=0.067). CONCLUSION: One experience of indoor exposure to ETS caused significant elevation of urinary cotinine level.
Cotinine* ; Nicotine ; Seoul ; Smoke* ; Smoking ; Tobacco ; Tobacco Smoke Pollution

Many studies have linked cigarette smoke (CS) exposure and tuberculosis (TB) infection and disease although much fewer have studied second-hand smoke (SHS) exposure. Our goal is to review the epidemiologic link between SHS and TB as well as to summarize the effects SHS and direct CS on various immune cells relevant for TB. PubMed searches were performed using the key words “tuberculosis” with “cigarette,”“tobacco,” or “second-hand smoke.” The bibliography of relevant papers were examined for additional relevant publications. Relatively few studies associate SHS exposure with TB infection and active disease. Both SHS and direct CS can alter various components of host immunity resulting in increased vulnerability to TB. While the epidemiologic link of these 2 health maladies is robust, more definitive, mechanistic studies are required to prove that SHS and direct CS actually cause increased susceptibility to TB.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis ; Smoke* ; Smoking ; Tobacco Products ; Tobacco Smoke Pollution ; Tuberculosis*

No abstract available.
Asthma* ; Child* ; Humans ; Lung* ; Tobacco Smoke Pollution*

No abstract available.
Asthma ; Child ; Humans ; Prevalence ; Tobacco Smoke Pollution

BACKGROUND: Increasing numbers of young people go to clubs. In Korea, however, no studies have been conducted regarding the exposure of club patrons to secondhand smoke. The present study was conducted to evaluate the degree of club customers' exposure to secondhand smoke. METHODS: The study subjects included 10 male and 12 female non-smokers. The investigational site was a club located in Daegu. Urine samples were collected before exposure to secondhand smoke in the club and 6 hours after a 3-hour exposure. The urine cotinine levels were measured via the LC-MS/MS method. A survey was conducted to collect data regarding the subjects' smoking experiences and the degree of exposure to secondhand smoke in their daily lives. RESULTS: The average urine cotinine level increased from 1.09 microg/L to 5.55 microg/L (p<0.05). No significant difference existed in the change in urine cotinine level between the male and female subjects. In addition, there was no significant difference in the change in urine cotinine level by the degree of exposure to secondhand smoke in daily life. CONCLUSIONS: The average urine cotinine level in all the subjects significantly increased after exposure to secondhand smoke. This is the first study on exposure to secondhand smoke in clubs; these results can be used to craft measures that reduce exposure to secondhand smoke in public places, such as clubs.
Cotinine ; Female ; Humans ; Korea ; Male ; Smoke ; Smoking ; Tobacco Smoke Pollution