The study was conducted on 500 menopausal women in Hoankiem and Socson districts, representing for urban and non-urban areas of Hanoi. The results show: the average menopausal age is 48.7  3.2. Urban women experienced earlier menstruation but later menopause versus non-urban women. In menopause, there is vasomotor disturbance, with sign of dry and painful intercourse. Common gynecological diseases are vaginal and cervical infections (common cause is Gardnerell vaginalis infection), genital collapse (10%)
Menopause ; women ; diagnosis ; epidemiology ; Genital Diseases, Female

The study involved 47 patients with hypernatremia who have clinical symptoms and the blood sodium level more than 150 mmol/l between January 1998 and June 2001. Results: hypernatremia is observed at the Intensive Care Unit with rate of 2.7%. It is more likely to occur in 1-year children. It can be required during hospitalization and developed in the patients who are using manitol, bicarbonate sodium and diuretics. The central nervous symptoms include seizures, increase in muscular tone, unconsciousness, coma, fever and dehydration. 31.9% of patients high and very high blood sodium level. The treatment has low effect on patients who have blood sodium level more than 170 mmol/l. The average time to normalize sodium level is 1.8 days with amount of solution during 4 to 6 hours to correct Na+ level is 19.8 ml/kg/h. During subsequent hours, amount of solution is different depending on body fluid disorder of patient.
Hypernatremia ; Sodium

In the Endoscopy Department of ENT National Institute from July 1999 to April 2003, 76 cases of fungal laryngititis were treated. Two isolated types of fungi were Aspergillus (73.63%) and Candida (22.36%) and the mixe of both two type (2.63). In 59 cases of Aspergillus infection, the treatment with itraconazole gave good results in 100%. Patients’ voice had totally recovered and fugal test showed negative results first before stopping treatment. The average duration of treatment lasts 6.27 weeks with no relapse after 6 months.
Therapeutics ; Laryngitis ; Aspergillus ; Itraconazole ; drugs

Background: The combination of dihydroartemisinin and piperaquine is interested because of its efficiency and safety in treating malaria. Objective: To evaluate the influences of the fixed combination anti-malarial drug dihydroartemisinin plus piperaquine in constitutions and some biochemical and haematological indices of rabbits. Subject and Method: The sub-chronic toxicity of the fixed combination anti-malarial drug of 40 mg dihydroartemisinin plus 320 mg piperaquine phosphate (DHA-PQP), with the materials produced by Institute of Chemistry, in rabbits was investigated. Rabbits were treated daily by oral route with DHA-PQP at the dose regimens of 64 and 100 mg/kg per day for 28 consecutive days. Result and Conclusion: DHA-PQP did not affect on rabbits' constitutions. Generally, all rabbits had normal ingestions, activities, and defecations. Rabbits' body weights increased regularly along the study period and significantly increased between day 28 and day 0 (P < 0.05). At the dose regimen of 64 mg/kg per day for 28 consecutive days, DHA-PQP did not change significantly rabbits' biochemical indices (including GOT, GPT, bilirubin, creatinine and protein) and haematological. These changes were insignificantly different between the treated and control groups at the same study points (P > 0.05). With the dose regimen of 100 mg/kg, the combination did not affect significantly (P>0.05) on some rabbits' biochemical and haematological indices. But hemoglobin, erythrocyte count and rate of monocytes increased significantly on day 14 comparing to that the control group (P < 0.05) and became in normal limits on day 29 (P > 0.05). Protein concentration also increased significantly on days 14 and 29 comparing to that of day 0 (P < 0.05).
Dihydroartemisinin plus piperaquine combination ; constitutions ; haematological

Background: Mental retardation is a common pathological state in children, accounting for about 1 - 3%. Children with mental retardation should have a life of integrity and proper support. The discovery and assessment the children will help us to orient the education, assistance and early intervention for them at each location. Objectives: This study aimed at determining the prevalence of mental retardation (MR) among children in some quarters and communes of Hue city and the degrees of mental retardation in these children. Subjects and method: Screening by WHO questionnaire \u201cTen Question screen for disability\ufffd?and learning results (if possible) of children from 6 to under 16 years old in 5 quarters (urban) and 2 communes (rural) randomly selected in Hue. Diagnostics and evaluations are based on the criteria of ICD \ufffd?10. Results: The prevalence of MR in this study was 0.94% (95%CI = 0.82 \ufffd?1.07), 1.18% in rural area and 0.84% in urban area; 1.16% among boys and 0.70% among girls. Mild MR accounts for 62.67% moderate: 19.36%, severe: 11.52% and profound: 6.45%. Conclusion: The prevalence was statistically significant higher in rural area than in urban area and in boys than in girls. There were predominant percentages of severe and profound MR.
Mental Retardation/ epidemiology ; Prevalence ; Children ;

Background:Cerebral vasospasm is a proved reaction and nimodipin revolutionised the treatment of subarrachnoid hemorrhage in adult. However, the effectiveness of Nimodipin in cerebral vasospasm remained controversial in intracranial hemorrhage (lCH) in children. Objectives:This study aims to estimate the effectiveness of nimodipin in treatment of children with intracranial hemorrhage.Subjects and method:A descriptive, prospective study was conducted on all children patients diagnosed intracranial hemorrhage and treated at Neurology department of National Hospital for Pediatric, Vietnam from 2004 to June 2007. They applied the Transcranial Doppler sonography (TCD) in diagnosis of vasospasm in intracranial hemorrhage in children and follow-up the evolution after treatment with nimodipin. Results:The results showed that cerebral vasospasm with hight resistance index (RI) on TCD (RI = 0.78 \xb1 0.08) and cerebral ischemie with low systolic velocity (Vs = 68 \xb1 12.2 crn/s) and hight pulsality index (PI = 1.4 \xb1 0.13) were observed in 100% of cases after 3 days with ICH. Nimodipine improved clinical status (71.2%) and CT scan (52%), also RI, PI, Vs returned to normal when used nimodipin within 7 days of ICH. Conclusion: The treatment method for intracranial hemorrhage with nimodipin supplement had proved to have initial effecacy in comparison with traditional method.
Intracranial Hemorrhages/ therapy ; Nimodipine/ therapeutic use ; Infant

Background: Fragile X Syndrome (FXS) is the second cause of Mental Retardation (MR) and the first cause of familiar MR. This syndrome affects up to 1/4000 men and 1/8000 women. X syndrome is often diagnosed by molecular biology technique such as RCR and Southern blot. Until now there is no study on FXS in Vietnam. Objectives: This study is aimed at: (1) Determine FXS among children with MR by technique of molecular biology. (2) Determine the mutation of FMR1 gen in families having children with FXS. Subject and Method: 214 children between 6 and 16 years of age (136 male and 78 female) with MR were analyzed FMR1 gen by PCR and Southern blot techniques. Families of children with FXS were also analyzed. Result and conclusion: This is the first study on FXS using the techniques of molecular biology in Vietnam. Identified 3 children with FXS, accounting for 1.4% of MR. Children with FXS and members with full mutation and premutation were found.
Fragile X syndrome ; FMR1 gene ; Mental retardation

Background: Dihydroartemisinin 40mg and piperaquine phosphate 320mg (DHA-PQP) drug combination and piperaquin phosphate (PQP) material was first successfully produced in Vietnam \r\n', u'Objective: to study influences of the fixed combination antimalaria drug dihydroartemisinin plus piperaquine in reproductive progress of mice\r\n', u"Subjects and methods: This study was carried out at the Department of Malaria treatment and research, National Institute of Malariology, Parasitology and Entomology (NIMPE), between September, 2006 and March, 2007. The influences of the fixed combination antimalarial drug 40 mg dihydroartemisinin (DHA) plus 320 mg piperaquine phosphate (PQP), with PQP produced firstly in Vietnam, in mice's reproductive progresses were investigated in three generations (including the parent and FI, F2 child generations). \r\n", u'Results: In all three generations, study indices among the treated and control groups were not significantly different (the values P > 0.05). These indices included the rate of fecundation, numbers of fetuses of each mother mouse, numbers of offspring of each mother mouse, mean body weights of offspring. Early lethal fetuses, lately lethal fetuses, monsters and innate abnormally offspring were not found in P, FI and F2 generations. The necessary feeding - day numbers that offspring of P and F 1 generations reached their body weights about 20g were different insignificantly (the values P> 0.05) among the treated and control groups. \r\n', u'Conclusion: The combination DHA-PQP was found to cause no genome mutations in mice at the oral dose of 120 mg per kg per day for 5 consecutive days. \r\n', u'
Dihydroartemisinin ; piperaquine ; fixed combination antimalarial drug ; rate of fecundation ; early lethal fetuses ; lately lethal fetuses ; monsters and innate abnormally offspring ; genome mutations ; fetuses

Background: Piperaquin (PQ) is an anti-malaria drug, which belong to bisquinoline class. Vietnam has successfully produced PQ (both base and phosphate) since 2004. Objective: To evaluate acute oral toxicities of Piperaquine phosphate and the fixed combination anti-malarial drug Dihydroartemisinin plus Piperaquine in mice. Subject and Method: This study was conducted at National Institute of Malariology, Parasitology and Entomology between June and October, 2005. The acute oral toxicities of piperaquine phosphate (PQP) and the fixed combination anti-malaria drug (40 mg dihydroiutemisinin plus 320 mg piperaquine phosphate (DHA-PQP), with the materials produced by Institute of chemistry) in mice were investigated. Result: PQP had a medium toxicity. Inhibition of mice's central nervous systems was the main toxicity exhibition. At the high doses of PQP, mice's convulsion was observed before their deaths. The infralethal dose (LDo), absolute lethal dose (LD100) and mean lethal dose (LD50) of PQP were 900, 2300 and 1643.98 (1537.6 \u2013 1758.92) mg/kg, respectively. The fixed combination DHA-PQP had a less toxicity than PQP powder, with LDo, LD100 and LD50 were 1400, 2800 and 2050.06 (1943.63 \u2013 2157.14) mg per kg of body weight, respectively. Conclusion: At the high doses of DHA-PQP, this combination also inhibited mice's central nervous systems. Mice convulsed strongly before their deaths. All died mice were operated for observing visually their organs such as hearts, livers, kidneys, lungs, vesicles and intestines. No abnormal signals were found.
Piperaquine phosphate ; toxicity ; Dihydroartemisinin

Background: Food-born bacteria can be present in raw materials or contaminated foods during process and storage. Shrimp paste is a popular food in Viet Nam, but there are no studies on the hygiene and safety of this food. Objectives: To identify the microbial contamination of commercial shrimp paste available in Ha Noi City. Materials and method: A total of 50 shrimp paste samples were collected randomly from markets around Ha Noi City. Enumeration and isolation methods were used to determine the microbial contamination in these samples. Results: 100% of the samples were contaminated with Clostridium perfringens and Candida albicans. 10% of samples were contaminated with Coliform. Other pathogenic bacteria, including Escherichia coli, Salmonella, Staphylococcus aureus, Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Vibrio cholerae were not found in shrimp paste samples. Conclusion: Evaluation of microbial contamination in popular foods such as shrimp paste should be done regularly to prevent food-born diseases in the community.
Microbial contamination ; Food safety.