The present study was performed to investigate the relationship between the concentrations of tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA) and plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI) and the CT images in 23 cases of chronic subdural hematomas (SDHs). The concentrations of t-PA and PAI-1 were quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Chronic SDHs were divided into five groups according to their appearance on computed tomography: high-density (n = 4), isodensity (n = 8), low-density (n = 5), mixed-density (n = 3), layering (n = 3) types. The volume of hematoma was measured with an image analyzing software program. The concentrations of t-PA were higher in layering (41.2 +/- 0.3 ng/ml, mean +/- standard error of the mean) and high-density (40.0 +/- 1.1 ng/ml) types compared to those of low-density (23.3 +/- 4.1 ng/ml) and iso-density (25.1 +/- 3.7 ng/ml) types. The concentrations of PAI-1 were lower in layering (95.9 +/- 1.0 ng/ml) and high-density (103.4 +/- 34.5 ng/ml) types compared to that of low-density (192.5 +/- 2.6 ng/ml) type. So the ratio between t-PA and PAI-1 (t-PA/PAI) was greater in layering and high-density types. The volume of hematoma was larger in mixed-density and layering types but statistically insignificant. These results presumably suggest that the ratio between t-PA and PAI concentration may contribute to the pathogenesis of the chronic SDH.
Adult ; Aged ; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay ; Female ; Hematoma, Subdural/*metabolism ; Human ; Male ; Middle Age ; Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1/*analysis ; Tissue Plasminogen Activator/*analysis ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed

OBJECTIVETo measure the concentration of D-dimer (DD), tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA), plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) and plasminogen (PLG) activity in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid in patients with acute cerebral infarction and to investigate their clinical significance.

METHODSThe concentrations of D-dimer, t-PA, and PAI-1 in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid in patients were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The PLG biological activity was detected using the chromophore method. The results were compared with those of the controls.

RESULTSThe concentrations of D-dimer, t-PA and PAI-1 in cerebrospinal fluid and plasma in patients with acute cerebral infarction were much higher than those of normal subjects (P < 0.01). Conversely, the level of PLG activity was significantly lower in the patients than in the controls (P < 0.01).

CONCLUSIONHypercoagulability and secondary hyperfibrinolysis exist in patients with acute cerebral infarction.

Acute Disease ; Aged ; Blood Coagulation ; Cerebral Infarction ; blood ; Female ; Fibrin Fibrinogen Degradation Products ; analysis ; cerebrospinal fluid ; Fibrinolysis ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Plasminogen ; analysis ; cerebrospinal fluid ; Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1 ; blood ; cerebrospinal fluid ; Tissue Plasminogen Activator ; blood ; cerebrospinal fluid

OBJECTIVE: To explore the predictive value of four items of new thrombus markers combined with conventional coagulation tests for thrombosis in antiphospholipid syndrome. METHODS: A total of 121 antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) patients who hospitalized at Peking University People's Hospital from March 2022 to January 2023 were selected and divided into thrombus group (50 cases) and nonthrombus group (71 cases) according to whether thrombosis occurred. The differences of laboratory characteristics including antiphospholipid antibodies were compared between the thrombotic and non-thrombotic groups. Chemiluminescent immunoassay was used to detect thrombomodulin (TM), thrombin-antithrombin complex (TAT), Plasmin-α2 plasmin inhibitor complex (PIC), and tissue plasminogen activator inhibitor complex (t-PAIC) in plasma from venous. The independent risk factors of thrombosis in patients with APS were determined using binary Logistic regression. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was applied to evaluate the efficacy of each index on the prediction of thrombosis. RESULTS: Compared with the patients without thrombosis, the patients with thrombosis were older [49 (32, 64) years vs. 36 (32, 39) years, P < 0.05]. The percentages of male, smoking, hypertension, and global antiphospholipid syndrome score (GAPSS)≥10 in the patients with thrombosis were significantly higher than those in the patients without thrombosis (P < 0.05). The positive rates of anticardiolipin antibody (aCL) and lupus anticoagulant (LA) in the thrombotic group were significantly higher than those in the non-thrombotic group (P < 0.05), and the levels of prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time, fibrinogen, fibrin degradation product in the thrombotic group were significantly higher than those in the non-thrombotic group (P < 0.05).Among the thrombosis group, venous thrombosis accounted for 19 (38.00%), including deep vein thrombosis (16, 84.21%) and pulmonary embolism accounted (5, 26.32%); Arterial thrombosis accounted for 35 (70.00%), including myocardial infarction (6, 17.14%) cerebral infarction (30, 85.71%). The patients in the thrombotic group had significantly greater TM levels than those in the non-thrombotic group (P < 0.05).There were no significant dif-ferences between the two groups in TAT (Z=-1.420, P=0.156), PIC (Z=-0.064, P=0.949), and t-PAIC (Z=-1.487, P=0.137). Univariate and binary Logistic regression analysis of relevant variables showed that advanced age [OR=1.126, P=0.002], elevated TM [OR=1.325, P=0.048], prolonged prothrombin time (PT) [OR=4.127, P=0.008] were independent risk factors for thrombosis in the patients with APS. ROC curve analysis of the above three independent risk factors showed that the combined detection of age, PT and TM had the highest Yoden index (0.727) and sensitivity (83.0%), with a specificity of 89.7%. CONCLUSION TAT, PIC, TM, and t-PAIC may reflect thrombus formation from the coagulation system, fibrinolysis system, and endothelial system. The combined of age TM and PT is superior to the application of a single marker, which has diagnostic value for the early identification of APS thrombosis.
Humans ; Male ; Antiphospholipid Syndrome/diagnosis* ; Tissue Plasminogen Activator ; Thrombosis/etiology* ; Antibodies, Antiphospholipid/analysis* ; Blood Coagulation Tests/adverse effects*

BACKGROUNDCigarette smoking has an influence on both arterial-type and venous-type thrombosis. However, little is known about the direct effect of cigarette smoke extract (CSE) on fibrinolytic activity of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Most recently, simvastatin has been marked in its effect on endothelial cells protection and anticoagulation. In this study, the effect of CSE on the expression of tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA) and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) in HUVECs was addressed. The role of simvastatin in CSE-induced fibrinolytic activity changes was investigated as well.

METHODSThe fourth to fifth generation of HUVECs were incubated respectively with 0, 5%, 10% and 20% CSE for 6 hours or exposed to 5% CSE for 0, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24 hours to determine the expression changes of t-PA and PAI-1 protein. Meanwhile, cells were also accordingly exposed either to 5% CSE alone or simvastatin pre-treated and 5% CSE for 24 hours to assess the role of simvastatin in CSE-induced t-PA and PAI-1 protein and mRNA expression in HUVECs. RT-PCR and ELISA techniques were used for detecting the t-PA or PAI-1 mRNA and protein.

RESULTSAfter 6-hour exposure to CSE, the expression levels of t-PA protein in 10% and 20% CSE-treated groups reduced significantly ((0.0365 +/- 0.0083) ng/ml, (0.0255 +/- 0.0087) ng/ml) when compared with that of control group ((0.0660 +/- 0.0120) ng/ml) (P < 0.05). In contrast, the levels of PAI-1 protein in 5%, 10% and 20% CSE-treated groups increased remarkably ((13.3225 +/- 0.5680) ng/ml, (14.2675 +/- 1.5380) ng/ml, (14.4292 +/- 1.6230) ng/ml) when compared with that of control group ((8.5193 +/- 0.7537) ng/ml) (P < 0.05). After stimulation with 5% CSE for 0, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24 hours, the levels of PAI-1 protein increased over time and reached the peak at 24 hours ((14.6400 +/- 1.0651) ng/ml), which was significantly higher than that of control group ((12.0656 +/- 0.6148) ng/ml) (P < 0.05). Additionally, CSE could up-regulate PAI-1 expression at both the mRNA and the protein levels. The levels of PAI-1 mRNA and protein increased significantly in 5% CSE-treated group ((8.8030 +/- 0.4745) ng/ml, (1.8155 +/- 0.0412) ng/ml) compared with those of control groups ((5.0588 +/- 0.2315) ng/ml, (1.3030 +/- 0.0647) ng/ml) (P < 0.01), and decreased after 2-hour simvastatin pre-treatment ((5.4875 +/- 0.3166) ng/ml, (1.3975 +/- 0.0297) ng/ml) (P < 0.01). No significant difference was found at the levels of t-PA protein and mRNA (P > 0.05).

CONCLUSIONSCSE inhibits the fibrinolytic activity of HUVECs in vitro. Simvastatin plays a protective role in CSE-induced fibrinolytic malfunction.

Cells, Cultured ; Endothelial Cells ; metabolism ; Fibrinolysis ; drug effects ; Humans ; Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors ; pharmacology ; Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1 ; analysis ; biosynthesis ; genetics ; Simvastatin ; pharmacology ; Smoke ; adverse effects ; Tissue Plasminogen Activator ; analysis ; biosynthesis ; genetics ; Tobacco ; adverse effects ; Umbilical Veins ; cytology

Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors ; pharmacology ; Animals ; Atrial Fibrillation ; blood ; drug therapy ; physiopathology ; Cilazapril ; pharmacology ; Dogs ; Echocardiography ; Endothelial Cells ; drug effects ; physiology ; Fibrinolysis ; drug effects ; Nitric Oxide ; biosynthesis ; Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1 ; analysis ; Tissue Plasminogen Activator ; analysis

OBJECTIVETo investigate the effect of cilazapril on endothelial cell function and fibrinolysis system in the canine atrial fibrillation (AF) models.

METHODSAll canines were divided into three groups: (1) Control group, without atrial pacing; (2) Atrial pacing group, in which atrial fibrillation was established by rapid atrial pacing at 400 bpm for 6 weeks; (3) Atrial pacing together with cilazapril group, in which cilazapril was given before and after atrial pacing. Nitric oxide (NO) of atrial endocardium was measured with NO-specific microelectrode. The expression of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) and tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) protein in atrium was determined by Western Blot analysis and immunohistochemical staining. Plasma levels of von Willebrand Factor (vWF), PAI-1 and tPA were analyzed by enzyme-linked immunoadsorbent assay.

RESULTSNO production from atrial endocardium was significantly increased in atrial pacing together with cilazapril group than atrial pacing group [(42.6 +/- 9.9) nmol/L vs (23.4 +/- 5.8) nmol/L, P < 0.05], whereas the plasma levels of vWF were decreased [(75.4 +/- 12.8)% vs (125.9 +/- 20.6)%, P < 0.05]. Compared to controls, the expression of atrium tPA protein in atrial pacing together with cilazapril group was significantly upregulated (4052 +/- 857 vs 1936 +/- 421, P < 0.05) and PAI-1 protein was downregulated (2487 +/- 542 vs 3164 +/- 827, P < 0.05). Cilazapril also significantly increased tPA antigen and decreased PAI-1 antigen in plasma.

CONCLUSIONCilazapril can favorably improve endothelial function and resume the balance of fibrinolysis system in AF, which might be of beneficial to hypercoagulated state in AF.

Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors ; pharmacology ; Animals ; Atrial Fibrillation ; blood ; drug therapy ; physiopathology ; Cilazapril ; pharmacology ; Disease Models, Animal ; Dogs ; Endothelial Cells ; drug effects ; physiology ; Female ; Fibrinolysis ; drug effects ; Immunohistochemistry ; Male ; Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1 ; analysis ; Tissue Plasminogen Activator ; analysis

To investigate the effects of reactive oxygen species (ROS) on tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) plasma levels, and their possible implications on clinical outcome, we measured tPA and PAI-1 levels in 101 patients with acute paraquat (PQ) intoxication. The control group consisted of patients who ingested non-PQ pesticides during the same period. tPA and PAI-1 levels were higher in the PQ group than in the controls. PQ levels were significantly correlated with ingested amount, timelag to hospital, tPA level, and hospitalization duration. tPA levels were correlated with PAI-1, fibrin degradation product (FDP), and D-dimer. D-dimer levels were lower in the PQ group than in the controls. Univariate analysis indicated the following significant determinants of death: age, ingested amount, PQ level, timelag to hospital, serum creatinine, lipase, pH, pCO2, HCO3-, WBC, FDP, PAI-1, and tPA. However, multivariate analysis indicated that only PQ level was significant independent factor predicting death. In conclusion, tPA and PAI-1 levels were higher, while D-dimer levels were lower in the PQ group than in the controls, implying that ROS stimulate tPA and PAI-1, but PAI-1 activity overrides tPA activity in this setting. Decreased fibrinolytic activity appears to be one of the clinical characteristics of acute PQ intoxication.
Acute Disease ; Adult ; Aged ; Female ; Fibrin Fibrinogen Degradation Products/analysis ; Herbicides/blood/*poisoning ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Paraquat/blood/*poisoning ; Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1/*blood ; Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism ; Risk Factors ; Tissue Plasminogen Activator/*blood ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed

OBJECTIVETo explore the mechanism of electroacupuncture combined with medication for treatment of compound model of hypertension and hyperlipemia (CMHH).

METHODSCMHH rat model was made by the way of "2K1C" combined with intragastric perfusion of high fat diet, and a normal group and a pseudosurgery group were set up. After modeling for 4 weeks, the successful model rats who had synchronously increase of blood pressure (BP) and blood lipids were randomly divided into a model group, a medication group , an electroacupuncture group and an acupuncture plus medication group. After interference of 4 weeks, changes of BP, total cholesterol (TC) and thiglyceride (TG) and contents of serum vWF, tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA ) and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAl-1) were observed.

RESULTSAfter interference, the levels of BP, TC, TG, vWF, t-PA and PAl-1 significantly changed in all the treatment groups as compared with those in the model group (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01) with most significantly changed in the electroacupuncture plus medication group.

CONCLUSIONBoth electroacupunctore and electroacupuncture combined with medication can down-regulate levels of BP, TC, TG, and decrease plasma vWF and PAl-1 levels, increase t-PA content, so as to effectively prevent and treat CMHH and possibly induced cerebral diseases.

Animals ; Cholesterol ; blood ; Electroacupuncture ; Endothelial Cells ; physiology ; Female ; Hyperlipidemias ; blood ; therapy ; Hypertension ; blood ; therapy ; Male ; Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1 ; blood ; Rats ; Rats, Wistar ; Tissue Plasminogen Activator ; blood ; Triglycerides ; blood ; von Willebrand Factor ; analysis

BACKGROUND: The intravenous thrombolysis is a well established treatment of acute ischemic stroke. However, baseline prognostic factors were poorly identified by previous studies. METHODS: From January 2001 to May 2006, prospective data of 121 patients treated with intravenous tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) were collected. The clinical, radiologic, transcranial Dopper (TCD) and laboratory finding were evaluated. Clinical assessment was done by National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) for one week, and by modified Rankin Scale (mRS) at baseline for three months. Early improvement was defined as the complete resolution of the neurological deficit or an improvement of > or =4 points by NIHSS within 24 hours, and good outcome as mRS score of < or =2 at three months. We assessed the possible relationship of the factors with early improvement and good outcome, and also analyzed the correlation of TCD grade with NIHSS score. RESULTS: On univariate analysis, younger age, absence of abnormal CT findings (hyperdense middle cerebral artery sign [HMCAS], focal hypodensity >33% of total MCA territory) were significantly associated with early improvement. Good outcome was associated with younger age, lower levels of baseline NIHSS score, mean blood pressure, fasting glucose, lipoprotein (a), and normal CT finding. Multivariate analysis revealed age <66 years and no HMCAS as independent predictors of early improvement. Thrombolysis in brain ischemia grade by TCD monitoring significantly correlated with NIHSS score for 24 hours. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that younger age and normal CT findings are important prognostic factors of acute thrombolytic therapy.
Blood Pressure ; Brain Ischemia ; Fasting ; Glucose ; Humans ; Lipoprotein(a) ; Middle Cerebral Artery ; Multivariate Analysis ; National Institutes of Health (U.S.) ; Prognosis ; Prospective Studies ; Stroke* ; Thrombolytic Therapy* ; Tissue Plasminogen Activator

To establish a refolding process for the protein fused with 12-peptide of hirudin and reteplase (HV12p-rPA), we developed an anion-exchange chromatography assisted method to form correct disulfide bonds. After evaluating various parameters by orthogonal experiments with Q Sepharose XL as refolding medium, we found that urea gradient, sample loading size and L-Arg concentration were three major factors to affect the refolding outcomes, and urea gradient was critical to the recovery yield. Meanwhile, enzymatic activity of the refolded protein was decreased by the increase of sample loading size, and the optimal concentration of L-Arg in the eluting buffer was 1 mol/L. Thus, a dual-gradient of urea and pH on the anion-exchange chromatography resulted in remarkable increase of specific fibrinolytic and anti-coagulative activities of the refolded protein. Compared with the dilution method for refolding HV12p-rPA, the present approach was more effective and advantageous.
Chromatography, Ion Exchange ; methods ; Disulfides ; chemistry ; Fibrinolytic Agents ; analysis ; chemistry ; Hirudins ; analysis ; chemistry ; Protein Refolding ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins ; analysis ; chemistry ; Recombinant Proteins ; analysis ; chemistry ; Tissue Plasminogen Activator ; analysis ; chemistry