It is important to select appropriate antimicrobials for the treatment of infection according to the results of antimicrobial susceptibility tests (ASTs), yet the clinical isolates are sometimes susceptible to antibiotics that are clinically ineffective or this is due to technical error of the ASTs. So, interpretive reading of ASTs is needed and especially for the beta-lactams for treating Enterobacteriacae. This review describes the interpretive reading of ASTs according to natural antimicrobial resistance and the mechanisms of mechanisms, with giving special attention to the antibiotics phenotypes for Enterobacteriacae. Further, as all the diffent tissues have a different antimicrobial concentration for identical antimicrobials, more information is needed on the antimicrobial tissue distribution for the appropriate treatment of infection. (ED note: I hope you send me the paper.)
Anti-Bacterial Agents ; beta-Lactams ; Phenotype ; Tissue Distribution

Aloin is a physiologically active anthraquinone present in aloe. There are two isomers of aloin, aloin A and aloin B, occurring as a mixture of diastereomers. The objective of this study was to determine the bioavailability and tissue distribution of aloin. Rats were gavaged with 11.8g/kg aloin, and the levels of aloin and its conjugates were measured in plasma, tissues, and urine. Plasma aloin level showed a peak at 1hr after the administration and the concentration was 59.07+/-10.5 ng/ml. The 24 h cumulated urinary aloin was 0.03% of the initial dose. These results suggest that aloin is absorbed and reaches a peak plasma level within 1-1.5 h after the administration and a significant portion is possibly metabolized or is excreted in feces. These results can apply to the determination of the adequate intake level of aloe and aloe products to achieve the desired biological effect, and to interprete in vitro study results.
Aloe ; Animals ; Biological Availability ; Emodin ; Feces ; Plasma ; Rats ; Tissue Distribution

A cyst is cavity occuring in either hard or soft tissue with a liquid, semiliquid material, or air content. It is surrounded by a definite connective tissue wall or capsule and usually has an epithelial lining. The contained substance is a predominant feature in proportion to the size of the entire mass of tissue. It was classified as odontogenic cyst and non-odontogenic cyst in origin. The anatomic distribution, clinical features, final diagnosis, and treatment methods are discussed.
Connective Tissue ; Diagnosis ; Hospital Distribution Systems ; Odontogenic Cysts

This study examined the cross-sectional association of body fat distribution with hypertension as well as the superiority of medical calf skinfold measured as peripheral fat distribution over the conventional triceps skinfold using 450 Korean Navy divers selected by authors' convenience in 1990. Their mean age was 27.9 and range of it was 19-51. The centrally located body fat was approximated by subscapular from these skinfold measures to reflect central versus peripheral fat distribution pattern: 2 ratios and 2 differences. After controlling age and overall obesity (body mass index), prevalence odds ratios of the 2/4, 3/4, 4/4 quartiles of subscapular skinfold comparing with lowest 1/4 quartile were 2.05 (95% confidence interval, CI 1.18-3.59), 2.02 (95% CI 1.06-3.86), 4.00 (95% CI 1.99-8.06) respectively. The difference of subscapular and medical calf skinfolds was associated with hypertension (odds ration 2.45, 95% CI 1.28-4.68 comparing highest with lowest quartiles). Triceps and medical calf skinfolds alone did not show any odds ratio not including unity. The adjusted odds ratios were generally reduced in small magnitude compared with crude odds ratios not adjusted for age and overall obesity. The medical calf skinfold appeared to be more representative of peripheral body fat distribution than triceps skinfold. These findings suggest that central fat distribution rather than peripheral distribution is associated with hypertension independent of age and overall level of obesity and medical calf skinfold may replace conventional triceps skinfold in predicting peripheral distribution of body fat.
Adipose Tissue* ; Body Fat Distribution* ; Hypertension* ; Obesity ; Odds Ratio ; Prevalence

The resolution of lactate dehydrogenase isozymes in tissue samples obtained from various regions of the rabbit brain was carried out by cellulose acetate electrophoresis. 1) Most regions of the brain showed an H-type isozyme pattern. 2) Five clear1y differentiated patterns of isozyme activity were found throughout the entire cerebral cortex with no difference between the lobes of the cerebral cortex. 3) All 5 patterns were found in the upper brain, while 4 patterns-LDH-1, 2, 3 and very 1ow activity of LDH-4 were found in the lower brain.
Animal ; Brain/enzymology* ; Isoenzymes ; Lactate Dehydrogenase/analysis* ; Rabbits ; Tissue Distribution

Microdialysis (MD), as a living bio-sampling technique, can be utilizable in different tissues,organs or different parts of the same organs, in order to clarify the drug's pharmacokinetics, mechanism, and provide a basis for targeting. This article describes a number of points in recent years, the microdialysis technique in pharmacokinetic studies in the field of application of the status and significant progress.
Animals ; Humans ; Microdialysis ; Pharmaceutical Preparations ; analysis ; Pharmacokinetics ; Tissue Distribution

o evaluate the seroprevalence of viral hepatitis marker among Korean healthy voluntary blood donors, the positive rates of both serum HBsAg and anti-HCV were analyzed. HBsAg testing was performed in 9,561,768 donors from January 1986 to June 1994 and anti-HCV testing was performed in 4,407,933 donors from May 1991 to June 1994. Positive rates of HBsAg were 3.76% to 6.87% per year and anti-HCV were 0.37% to 0.58% per year. The sex distribution of positive HBsAg and anti-HCV showed higher in male that in female. The age distribution of positive HBsAg was higher in 3th decade and anti-HCV was in 5th decade. The positive prevalence rate of HBsAg and anti-HCV showed highter above the serum ALT 45 IU. The positive rate of HBsAg was higher in group voluntary donors and anti-HCV in various other type of voluntary blood donors. In generally, the positive prevalence rate of HBsAg and anti-HCV showing however decreasing number in every year.
Age Distribution ; Blood Donors* ; Female ; Hepatitis ; Hepatitis B Surface Antigens* ; Humans ; Male ; Prevalence* ; Seroepidemiologic Studies ; Sex Distribution ; Tissue Donors

Humans ; Kidney Transplantation ; economics ; Presumed Consent ; Reimbursement, Incentive ; Tissue Donors ; supply & distribution ; Tissue and Organ Procurement ; methods ; standards ; Transplants ; ethics

The dogma that ampC genes are located exclusively on the chromosome was dominant until about 10 years ago. Since 1989 over 15 different plasmid-encoded AmpC beta-lactamases have been reported from several countries. Most of these enzymes evolved in two clusters. The major cluster includes several enzymes with a high similarity to CMY-2, which is the closest related chromosomal AmpC enzyme of Citrobacter freundii. A second cluster centers around CMY-1. It is less homogeneous and not closely related chromosomal AmpC enzymes. Molecular diversification by amino acid substitutions does not usually translate into a change in the resistance phenotype. At this time, CMY-2 appears to be the most prevalent and widely distributed. Further global increase of prevalence and diversity of plasmidic AmpC beta-lactamases have to be anticipated in the next millenium.
Microbiology/trends ; Plasmids/genetics* ; Structure-Activity Relationship ; Tissue Distribution ; beta-Lactamases/metabolism ; beta-Lactamases/genetics*

Tissue distribution of marbofloxacin was studied in pigs after a single intramuscular injection at 2.5 mg/kg body weight. Samples of plasma, muscle, liver, kidney, heart, lung, and muscle at the injection site were randomly collected from five pigs at 2, 6, 10, 24, 48, 72, and 96 h after administration. Marbofloxacin concentrations were determined by using high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection and were subjected to non-compartmental analysis to obtain kinetic parameters. The elimination half-life (t(1/2λz)) of marbofloxacin at the injection site was 22.12 h, while those in kidney, plasma, liver, lung, heart, and muscle were 16.75, 21.48, 21.84, 24.00, 24.45, and 28.91 h, respectively. Areas under the concentration-time curve from 0 h to (∞) (AUC(0–∞)s) were calculated to be 31.17 h·µg·mL⁻¹ for plasma and 32.97, 33.92, 34.78, 37.58, 42.02, and 98.80 h·µg·g⁻¹ for heart, muscle, lung, liver, kidney, and injection site, respectively. The peak concentration (C(max)) of marbofloxacin was 1.62 µg/mL in plasma and 1.71, 1.74, 1.86, 1.93, 2.45, and 7.64 µg/g in heart, lung, muscle, kidney, liver, and injection site, respectively. The results show that marbofloxacin was fast absorbed, extensively distributed, and slowly eliminated from pigs after a single intramuscular administration.
Body Weight ; Chromatography, Liquid ; Half-Life ; Heart ; Injections, Intramuscular* ; Kidney ; Liver ; Lung ; Plasma ; Swine* ; Tissue Distribution*