BACKGROUND:Although there is no report of adipose-derived stem cells in ureteral repair, but with the deepening of the research of adipose stem cells, the differentiation conditions of adipose-derived stem cells to the vascular endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells and urothelial cells are more mature, and the experimental research of adipose-derived stem cells in the repair and reconstruction of kidney and bladder is also increasing.
OBJECTIVE:To summarize the adipose-derived stem cells research and its application in damage and repair of urinary system in recent years.
METHODS:The first author retrieved PubMed database and CNKI databases for articles relevant to adipose-derived stem cells in the repair of urinary system published between January 2001 to September 2013 using the keywords of“adipose tissue-derived stem cel/adipose tissue-derived stromal cells/ADSCs;tissue engineering;kidney;ureter;ureathra;bladder;urology”in English and Chinese, respectively. Final y, 52 articles were included for further analysis.
RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:Adipose-derived stem cells which can be found easily and have the unique advantages of multi-directional differentiation ability have been used for repairing and constructing the urinary system. Adipose-derived stem cells provide a new model of treatment for the urinary tract, which solves the traditional problems, including immune rejection, source of organs and ethical issues, and become an ideal cellsource in repair of urinary system. Accumulated data related to adipose-derived stem cells and its experiment and clinical application in repair of urinary system injuries have been reported. But before the cells are widely used in clinic, the fol owing problems need to be solved:its specific surface marker identification, specific conditions and control of celldifferentiation, mechanisms of action.

Established rat models with subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH) were divided into three groups:subclinical hypothyroid(SCH),SCH treated with levothyroxine (L-T4),and control group.The L-T4 group displayed lowered total cholesterol and endothelin levels compared with the SCH group[(1.29 ±0.05 vs 2.38 ±0.55) mmol/L,(98.54 ± 32.43 vs 160.62 ±37.25) nmol/L,both P＜0.05].Nitric oxide levels,left ventricular systolic pressure,and blood flow in abdominal aorta were significantly higher in the L-T4 group than those in the SCH group.The results of this study indicate that L-T4 treatment may improve endothclial dysfunction and hemodynamic changes in rats with SCH.

BACKGROUND:Currently, there are few reports on the effects of Caspase inhibitors combined with Cocktail protease inhibitors on isolation and purification of islet cel s. OBJECTIVE:To explore the effects of Caspase inhibitors and Cocktail protease as protectors on islet cel s during isolation and purification process. METHODS:New-born pigs were selected to separate, purify and culture the islet cel s, and after 24 hours of culture, the specimens were divided into three groups:blank control group, experimental group A (Caspase inhibitors and Cocktail protease were added only during digestion process), and experimental group B (Caspase inhibitors and Cocktail protease were added both during digestion and culture processes). AO-EB staining was used to qualitatively observe cel morphology and apoptosis. Flow cytometry was employed to quantitatively detect cel viability and apoptosis. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:Percentages ofβcel s were 66.91%in blank control group, 84.58%in the experimental group A, and 87.15%in the experimental group B. The proportions of living cel s, apoptotic cel s and dead cel s were 56.52%, 16.15%, 21.25%in the blank control group, 62.27%, 14.66%, 14.47%in the experimental group A, and 73.09%, 6.83%, 10.28%in the experimental group B, respectively. These findings indicate that in the process of digestion and culture in vitro, Caspase inhibitors and Cocktail protease inhibitors can both obviously decrease the loss of cel s, and increase the percentage of islet beta cel s.

Natural killer ( NK) cells have historically been considered short-lived cytolytic cells that can rapidly respond against microbial pathogens and tumors in an antigen-independent manner.Recently,NK cells have been shown to possess features of a-daptive immunity with immunological memory in a manner similar to that of T and B cells.Three major viewpoints of NK cell memory initially arose from the studies of NK cell memory to recall to mouse cytomegalovirus ( MCMV ) , cytokine and skin-contact hypersensitive chemical antigens.Currently,NK cell memory has been reported in acute infection of mouse HSV ,influenza virus,HCMV and simian immunodeficiency virus ( SIV).Here,we review the latest discoveries and unsolved questions regarding NK cell memory in these models.Studies to reveal the mechanisms for NK cell memory may provide opportunities for the therapeutic use of NK cells in in -fectious diseases and cancer.

BACKGROUND: Intravascular low-level laser irradiation (ILLLI) therapy with He-Ne laser can effectively inhibit the occurrence of heroin withdrawal syndrome, but the therapeutic effect should be evaluated by quantitative standards.OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of intravascular low-level He-Ne laser irradiation against withdrawal syndrome with intravenous according to the criteria proposed by the authors.DESIGN: Randomized controlled trial in heroin-addicted patients.SETTING: Analysis and Testing Laboratory of Xinxiang Medical College and Center of Laser Medical Research of Zhenzhou University Medical CollegePARTICIPANTS: The study was completed in Center of Laser Medical Research in Zhengzhou University in January 2003. Thirty heroin addicts from the Detoxification Center of Zhengzhou including 25 male and 5 female patients aged 19- 45 years were divided randomly into experimental group and control group with 15 cases in each. The patients' history of drug abuse ranged from 0. 5 to 5 years and the daily doses they took was 1.0-4.0 g.INTERVENTIONS: Patients in the experimental group were treated by ILLLI therapy after hospitalization. The therapy was administered once daily for 60 minutes in each session, for a total of 10 days for a treatment course. The irradiating power of the laser was 2.0-3.0 mW with a power density of 7.07-10.6 mW/mm2. Patients in the control group were treated with conventional therapy with algidon combined with buprenorphine hydrochloride. The 12 main symptoms(vomiting, goose pimples, sweating, agitation, shaking, lacrimation, nasal congestion, insomnia, abdominal pain,body temperature changes, muscular pain, and heart rate changes) were scored for 0, 1, 2, and 3 corresponding to absent, mild, moderate, and severe symptoms, with the total score of 36.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Comparison of the scores for the withdrawal symptoms between the two groups.RESULTS: The 30 cases were all available for result analysis. The scores of vomiting, insomnia, agitation, shaking, goose pimples and abdominal pain in the experimental group were 2.0±0.5, 2.5±0.4,4.6±0.3,3.6±0.7,3.1±0.3 and 5.7±0.6 respectively, which were obviously lower than those in control group(5.1±0.7,6.0±0.7,7.4±0.6, 7.1±0.6,5.7±0.6 and 6.4 ±0.7 respectively, t =9.90-16. 81, P＜0.01).CONCLUSION: Intravascular low-level He-Ne laser irradiation can effectively relieve heroin withdrawal syndrome.

Objective To investigate the enterovirus ( EV)-carrying status and the circulating se-rotypes in healthy children from inner and border areas of Yunnan Province in 2014 and 2015 and to analyze the genetic characteristics of echovirus 6 (ECHO6), ECHO25 and ECHO11 strains. Methods Stool sam-ples were collected from children less than 15 years old living in 6 to 7 counties of 3 inner prefectures/cities and 8 to 9 counties of border prefectures/cities. Altogether 921 samples were collected including 453 sam-ples in 2014 (213 samples in inner counties and 240 samples in border counties) and 468 samples in 2015 (195 samples in inner counties and 273 samples in border counties). Viruses were isolated from the stool samples and their serotypes were identified by gene sequencing. Results The numbers of EV strains isola-ted from the samples collected in inner counties and border counties in 2014 were 20 ( isolating rate:9.39%, 20/213) and 16 (isolating rate: 6. 67%, 16/240), respectively. The overall isolating rate for 2014 was 7. 95% (36/453). The predominant species was enterovirus B, accounting for 88. 89% of all iso-lated strains (32/36), followed by enterovirus A species (11. 11%, 4/36). No strains of enterovirus spe-cies C (including poliovirus) and D was detected in 2014. In total, 46 EV strains were isolated in 2015 with an overall isolating rate of 9. 83% (46/468), including 13 strains in inner counties (isolating rate:6. 67%, 13/195) and 33 strains in border counties (isolating rate:12. 09%, 33/273). Most of the strains were enterovirus B species, accounting for 78. 26% (36/46), followed by enterovirus C species (19. 57%, 9/46) and enterovirus A species (2. 17%, 1/46). Altogether 82 EV strains were isolated in 2014 and 2015 with an isolating rate of 8. 90% (82/921), of which 33 strains were isolated in inner counties (8. 09%, 33/408) and 49 strains were isolated in border counties (9. 55%, 49/513). Among the 82 EV strains, 9 strains were polioviruses (0. 98%, 9/921) and all of them were Sabin-like polioviruses. The rest of the strains were non-polio enterovirus (7. 93%, 73/921). Conclusion In 2014, the EV isolating rate in inner counties (9. 39%) was higher than that in border counties (6. 67%). However, the EV isolating rate in border counties (12. 09%) was higher than that in inner counties (6. 67%) in 2015. Enterovirus B was the predominant species in both 2014 and 2015. No wild type polioviruses and enterovirus D species were detec-ted. Polio-free status was maintained well in Yunnan Province.

In this paper, fourteen new L-proline derivatives were designed and synthesized, and their acetlcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitory activities were also investigated in vitro. New L-proline derivatives were prepared from substituted 2-bromo-1-acetophenones through four-step reaction; and their bioactivities as AChE inhibitors were measured by Ellman spectrophotometry. The results showed that the target compounds had a certain AChE inhibitory activity to in vitro. The bioactivity of compound 8b was the best of them, and its IC50 value was 5.45 µmol.L-1, which was better than that of rivastigmine. So the acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activities of new L-proline derivatives were worth to be further studied.

Objective To summarize the phenotypic features of an unrecognized leukoencephalopathy in infants sharing same clinical features,and to better understand the disease and provide new evidence for identification of new leukoencephalopathy. Methods Clinical and follow-up data of 13 patients with unrecognized infantile leukoen-cephalopathy were collected from Peking University First Hospital from January, 2006 to December, 2014. Results (1) There were 7 male and 6 female. The average age of onset was 11 months (4-25 months). Thirty-eight percent (5/13 cases) of patients had incentives before the onset;all of the cases had acute onset and rapid motor function regression. Fifteen percent (2/13 cases) of the patients suffered from seizures in the course of the disease. Patients′condition became stable,and cognition and motor function improved gradually 1 month after onset. No patient died till the last follow-up. (2) Imaging features:magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the patients was characterized by im-plicating deep white matter,presenting T1 hypointense,T2 and fluid attenuated inversion recovery ( FLAIR) hyperin-tense in the periventricular area. All of MRI showed massive and symmetric lesions with heterogeneous signal and cystic degeneration. DWI showed patch or massive hyperintense in some of the lesions. The follow-up MRI showed the original lesions decreased in 88% ( 8/9 cases ) of patients, and white matters atrophied in 55% ( 5/9 cases ) of patients;the cystic degeneration still existed and even expanded;DWI showed regional linear or spot hyperintense in 88% (8/9 cases) of patients,which was smaller than before,and distributed around the original lesions. Conclusions The patients with leukoencephalopathy caused by unknown pathogenic gene were much likely to be mitochondrial leukoencephalopathy. This study provided evidence for further exploration of new pathogenic genes causing leu-koence-phalopathy.

Objective:To study the regulation of MSCs on the asthma;and to observe the expression of Notch signal in lung tissue of asthmatic rats.Methods:30 rats were randomly divided into 3 group :normal control group , asthma model group and MSC transplantation group.Making paraffin sections of lung tissue for pathological examination ,quantitative real-time PCR(RT-PCR) were used to identify the expression of Notch2 and Jagged1 mRNA in the rat lung tissue,and the expression of Notch2,Jagged1 were measured by Western blot.Results:Compared with normal control group and MSC transplantation group ,inflammatory cell infiltration and narrower airway were observed in asthma model group .The lever of Notch2,Jagged1 in asthma model group was higher than MSC transplantation group and normal control group ( P<0.05 ).Conclusion:Mesenchymal stem cells can affect the expression of the Notch signaling pathway in asthmatic rats ,and play a role in the treatment of asthma.

Purpose To investigate the effect of low contrast dose and low tube voltage combined with adaptive statistical iterative reconstruction (ASIR) on image quality of abdominal CT angiography. Materials and Methods 139 patients with body mass index (BMI) <22 kg/m2 who were supposed to undergo abdominal dynamic contrast-enhanced examination were prospectively enrolled and randomly divided into group A with 78 cases (80 kVp tube voltage +50% ASIR, contrast agent concentration 270 mgI/ml) and group B with 61 cases (120 kVp tube voltage, contrast agent concentration 350 mgI/ml). Subjective score of right renal artery image quality of the two groups were evaluated and the coefficient between them was tested; CT dose index of volume (CTDIvol), CT values of abdominal aorta and its branches, and the right side erector spinae, contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) of the vessel, the right erector spinae image noise (SD), and the total amount of iodine were also compared between the two groups. Results The inter observer agreement for subjective scores were very good (Kappa value>0.80) in both groups, the subjective score of group A and group B were 4.60±0.51 and 3.81±0.76, respectively, and the difference was statistically significant (Z= - 6.86, P<0.05). CTDIvol of group A and group B were (5.56±4.21) mGy and (7.11±1.54) mGy, respectively, the difference was statistically significant (t= - 9.89, P<0.01); CT values of the arteries in both groups were all greater than 400 HU; CT values and the CNR of the abdominal aortic trunk and branches in group A were higher than those of group B (P<0.05); there was no statistically significant difference of image noise between the two groups (P>0.05). The total amount of iodine dose in group A and group B was 270 mg and 350 mg respectively, with a 22.86% reduce of the total iodine for each patient in A group than in B group. Conclusion For patients with BMI<22 kg/m2, it is feasible to use low dose contrast medium with low tube voltage and ASIR, which may not only improve the image quality of abdominal CTA but also reduce the radiation dose and iodine content.