This is to report the study of degradation of earthworm extracts prepared by wet superfine grinding in simulated gastrointestinal environment. Enzymatic reactions were terminated by adjusting the solution pH or using membrane bioreactor principle. Earthworm protein concentration change was detected by Bradford method, the degraded state of protein was described with SDS-PAGE technology, and the degraded state of small molecule substances was detected by HPLC. The results showed that earthworm protein degraded completely in artificial gastric juice. High molecular weight protein degraded greatly in artificial intestinal fluid, while low molecular weight protein was not significantly degraded. Small molecular substances degradation did not degrade in artificial gastric juice, while they degraded obviously in artificial intestinal fluid, there is even new small molecule substance appeared. Finally it is concluded that the substance that having therapeutic effects in vivo may be some degraded peptide, amino acid and stable small molecules existed in artificial intestinal fluid.

Objective:To establish a method for the determination of oleanolic acid in She medicine Clematis florida var. plena. Methods:The HPLC method was carried on a Lanbo-Kromasil C18 chromatography column using acetonitrile-water ( 86∶ 14 ) as the mobile phase. The detection wavelength was 205 nm, the flow rate was 1. 0 ml·min-1 , and the column temperature was 25 ℃. Re-sults:The calibration curve of oleanolic acid was linear within the range of 0. 52-15. 60μg (r=0. 999 9). The average recovery of oleanolic acid was 92. 13%(RSD=3. 0%, n=9). Conclusion:The method is simple, rapid, accurate and reproducible, which can be used as an ideal method for the quality control of She medicine Clematis florida var. plena. .

OBJECTIVEThe objective of this study was to investigate the aspiratory resistance, filtration penetration and their influence factors of N95 filtering-facepiece respirators used widely in China.

METHODSThe total of 6 brands and 21 models of N95 filtering-facepiece respirators which are certified and big sales on the market. The aspiratory resistance and filtration efficiency filter penetration were measured while air pump ran from 10 L/min to 100 L/min using differential pressure gauge and the PortaCount, respectively.

RESULTSThe filtration penetrations for 2 of the 21 models were lower than 95%, and the qualified rate for all models was 90.47%. The filtration penetrations gradually decreased when ventilation flow of air pump increased. The negative correlation was observed between filtration penetration and ventilation flow (r(2) = 0.711, P < 0.05). The resistances of all 21 models of N95 respirators met the requirements of the national standard. The aspiratory resistance started to elevate with the increasing of ventilation flow, and a positive correlation between both (r(2) = 0.878, P < 0.05). Significant differences of filtration penetration and aspiratory resistance were observed among between different brands (P < 0.05) although no differences of filtration penetration existed among different models of one brand (P > 0.05). But the differences of the aspiratory resistance among different models of one brand were statistically significant (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONThe aspiratory resistances of all N95 filtering-facepiece respirators used in this study met the requirements of the national standard. And the qualified ratio of filtration penetration of all models was higher than 90%. The influencing factors of aspiratory resistance included materials, size and ventilation flow. And influencing factors for filtration penetration were materials and ventilation flow.

Air Pollutants, Occupational ; China ; Equipment Design ; Filtration ; instrumentation ; Masks ; standards ; Materials Testing ; Respiratory Protective Devices ; standards

OBJECTIVEThis research project aimed to evaluate whether a simplified method for identifying high-risk individuals for cardiovascular diseases proposed by the China Rural Health Initiative (CRHI) was feasible in the rural areas in China.

METHODS2 036 adults, aged 20 years or older were stratified-randomly sampled from 12 villages in Luquan county and Anguo county (Hebei province) respectively, to receive physical examination and filling in administered questionnaires. "Gold Standard" was used on high risk in Chinese Guidelines on Prevention and Treatment of Dyslipidemia in Adults to evaluate the CRHI standards:people with a history of coronary heart disease or stroke, or elderly as men ≥50 years or women ≥60 years with diabetes, or elderly with systolic blood pressure ≥160 mmHg. Sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values related to the identification of high-risk individuals for cardiovascular diseases were assessed.

RESULTSThe concordance rate between the CRHI standard and the gold standard was 92.9% , with sensitivity as 77.2%, specificity as 98.5%, Youden's Index as 0.76, positive predictive value as 94.7% and negative predictive value as 92.5%. Under CRHI standard, 21.3% of the adults were identified as high risk. The rate was increasing with age (P < 0.001), reaching 44% among those who were over 60 years old.

CONCLUSIONThe CRHI standard seemed simple and easy and was suitable for identifying high-risk individuals for cardiovascular diseases in the resource-constrained rural areas.

Objective To analyze the basic characteristics and variation trend of death causes of permanent residents in Enshi City during 2013-2018, to assess the burden of different diseases, and to provide a scientific basis for formulating disease prevention and control strategies. Methods The death monitoring data of permanent residents in Enshi City, Hubei Province from 2013 to 2018 was collected. The crude mortality, standardized mortality, life expectancy, potential years of life loss (PYLL), standard potential years of life loss (SPYLL), average years of life lost (AYLL), and annual percentage change (APC) were calculated to describe the distribution and trend of death causes. Results The average annual crude death rate and standardized death rate of residents in Enshi City from 2013 to 2018 were 679.43 per 100 000 and 615.02 per 100 000, respectively. The top 5 causes of death were circulatory system diseases, respiratory system diseases, malignant tumors, injuries, and digestive system diseases, accounting for 91.2% of the total deaths. Analysis of life expectancy found that the average life expectancy of local residents from 2013 to 2018 was 78.02 years, and the value in the male group (75.57 years) was lower than that in the female group (80.78 years). Life loss analysis revealed that PYLL caused by various diseases was 171 620 person-years, SPYLL was 171 284.62 person-years, and AYLL was 15.03 years/person in Enshi City from 2013 to 2018. Among all the death causes, the top five in terms of life loss were injuries, malignant tumors, circulatory diseases, respiratory diseases and digestive diseases. Conclusion From 2013 to 2018, the death rate of residents in Enshi City was relatively higher compared with those in other cities in China, the average annual crude death rate was on the rise, and the average annual standardized death rate was on the decline, indicating a highly ageing region. Chronic diseases such as circulatory system diseases, malignant tumors, and respiratory diseases, as well as injuries were the main death causes and caused a heavy burden of diseases, which should be the focus of future prevention and control work. Considering the higher levels of death and life loss indicators of male residents than those of women, targeted prevention and control measures should be taken to narrow the gap between men and women and improve the overall life quality of the whole population.