Objective To explore the effect of pre-treatment of subcutaneous injection of ketamine on remifentanil induced hyperalgesia and K+/Cl-cotransporter 2,KCC2) expression on spinal cord of rats.Methods60 male adult SD rats were randomly divided into five groups(n=12 in each group):control group (group C),the incision group(group I),the incision plus remifentanil group(group I+R),the incision plus ketamine group(group I+K) and the incision plus remifentanil and ketamine group(group I+R+K).Mechanical withdrawal threshold (MWT) was evaluated at 24 hours before incision(T0),2 hours,6 hours,24 hours and 48 hours after incision(T1~T4).The lumbar spinal cords of rats were taken out at T4 time point and the KCC2 detected was detected by immunofluorescence analysis and western blot analysis.ResultsCompared with group C(T1(14.5±1.7)g,T2(14.2±1.1)g,T3(13.9±1.8)g,T4(14.2±1.1)g),MWT of other groups at T1 (I(5.6±0.8)g,I+R(3.2±1.0)g,I+K(6.8±1.7)g,I+R+K(5.1±1.6)g),T2 (I(6.9±1.0)g,I+R(4.3±1.2)g,I+K(8.0±1.4)g,I+R+K(6.2±1.5)g),T3 (I(7.6±0.9)g,I+R(5.4±1.1)g,I+K(10.3±1.2)g,I+R+K(7.1±1.1)g),T4 (I(8.9±1.1)g,I+R(7.5±1.4)g,I+K(11.3±1.2)g,I+R+K(8.3±1.2)g)and the expression of KCC2 at T4 decreased (P<0.05).Compared with group I(T1(5.6±0.8)g,T2(6.9±1.0)g,T3(7.6±0.9)g,T4(8.9±1.1)g),MWT of group I+R (T1(3.2±1.0)g,T2(4.3±1.2)g,T3(5.4±1.1)g,T4(7.5±1.4)g) decreased at all time points after incision (T1~T4)(P<0.05) and the expression of KCC2 at T4 decreased significantly (P<0.05).Compared with group I(T1(5.6±0.8)g,T2(6.9±1.0)g,T3(7.6±0.9)g,T4(8.9±1.1)g),MWT of group I+K (T1(6.8±1.7)g,T2(8.0±1.4)g,T3(10.3±1.2)g,T4(11.3±1.2)g) increased at all time points after incision (T1~T4)(P<0.05) and the expression of KCC2 at T4 increased (P<0.05).Compared with group I+R(T1(3.2±1.0)g,T2(4.3±1.2)g,T3(5.4±1.1)g,T4(7.5±1.4)g),MWT of group I+R+K (T1(5.1±1.6)g,T2(6.2±1.5)g,T3(7.1±1.1)g,T4(8.3±1.2)g) increased at all time points after incision (T1~T4)(P<0.05) and the expression of KCC2 at T4 increased (P<0.05).ConclusionPre-treatment of subcutaneous injection of ketamine can reduce the hyperalgesia of rats induced by remifentanil and reduce the inhibition of KCC2 expression on dorsal horn of spinal cord.

ive] To observe the effects of Shengjiang Capsule (SC) on gastric evacuation and to study its mechanism. [Methods] Eight-week-old SD rats were randomly allocated to five groups. Group A served as normal control, and Group B were treated with high dosage of SC, Group C with low dosage of SC, Group D with Zhike Baizhu Decotion and Group E with cisapride. After ten days of treatment, gas tric evacuation of rats was detected by isotope tracing method, erythrocyte-acetycholinesterase activity by micro-hydroxylamine method and plasma motilin (Mot) and somatostatin (SS) levels by radioimmunoas-say. [Results] Thirty-minute gastric evacuation rate was (51.44?.38)%, (40.82 + 7.24)% and (40.22?.16)% in Group B, Group C and Group D respectively, which was higher than that in Group A [ (33.18?.32)%]. Erythrocyte-acetycholinesterase activity, Mot and SS levels were (0.856?.128) umol/h, (124.26?5.94) ng/L and (39.42?.96) ng/L, and (0.726?.164 ) umol/h, (119.86 ?9.38) ng/L and (38.33 ?.64) ng/L in Group B and Group C respectively, which were higher than those in Group A [ (0.576 ?.150)/umol/h, (91.28 + 26.84) ng/L and (28.22 ?7.68)ng/L]. [Conclusion] SC can promote gastric evacuation, and its mechanism may be re lated to the increase of the cholinergic nerve function and plasma Mot and SS levels.

This article reviews the recent studies on H2O2 adaptation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. When the cell exposed in the H2O2 sub-lethal doses, the plasma membrane permeability decreased, meanwhile the plasma membrane fluidity is minished. These changes resulted in a gradient across the plasma membrane, which conferring a higher resistance to oxidative stress. Recent work has also shown that the yeast cells adapted to H2O2 would lead to several changes in the expression of genes coding the key enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of lipid profile and in the organization of lipid microdomains of the plasma membrane, which finally decreased its' permeability and fluidity. The reorganization of the plasma membrane might be the major mechanism of the H2O2 adaptation. Once the yeast cells adapted to the external H2O2, changes in plasma occurred. The H2O2 dependent signaling pathways in the plasma membrane might be activated by high levels of H2O2. But the details of the signaling events should still be further studies.
Cell Membrane ; drug effects ; metabolism ; Cell Membrane Permeability ; drug effects ; Hydrogen Peroxide ; pharmacology ; Membrane Fluidity ; drug effects ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; cytology ; drug effects ; Signal Transduction ; drug effects

Objective To evaluate the effect of verapamil on the expression of K+-Cl-cotransporter 2 (KCC2) in spinal dorsal horns during remifentanil-induced hyperalgesia in a rat model of incisional pain.Methods Thirty-two pathogen-free healthy adult male Sprague-Dawley rats,aged 6-7 weeks,weighing 250-300 g,were divided into 4 groups (n=8 each) using a random number table:control group (group C),incisional pain group (group Ⅰ),incisional pain plus remifentanil plus verapamil group (group I+R+ V) and incisional pain plus remifentanil group (group I+R).Normal saline was subcutaneously infused in group C.A 1 cm long incision was made in the plantar surface of the right hindpaw in anesthetized rats in group Ⅰ.Verapamil 5 mg/kg was intraperitoneally injected at 10 min before establishment of the incisional pain model in group I+R+V.In I+R and I+R+V groups,the model of incisional pain was established,and remifentanil was subcutaneously infused for 30 min at a rate of 80 μg · kg-1 · h-1 simultaneously.The mechanical paw withdrawal threshold (MWT) to yon Frey filament stimulation was measured at 1 day before establishment of the model (T0) and 2,6,24 and 48 h after establishment of the model (T1-4).The rats were sacrificed after measurement of MWT at T4,and the lumbar enlargement segments of the spinal cord were harvested for determination of the expression of KCC2 by immunofluorescence.Results Compared with group C,the MWT was significantly decreased at T1-4,and the expression of KCC2 was down-regulated in the other groups (P＜0.05).Compared with group Ⅰ,the MWT was significantly decreased at T1-4,and the expression of KCC2 was down-regulated in group I+R (P＜0.05).Compared with group I+R,the MWT was significantly increased at T1-4,and the expression of KCC2 was up-regulated in group I+R+V (P＜0.05).Conclusion The mechanism by which verapamil reduces remifentanil-induced hyperalgesia is related to up-regulation of the expression of KCC2 in spinal dorsal horns in a rat mnodel of incisional pain.

Objective:To investigate the effect of myopia on retinal vascular geometry in young subjects.Methods:A retrospective cross-sectional study. From June 2018 to December 2018, 235 participants (235 eyes) who took part in routine physical examination in Huadong Sanatorium were included. There were 94 males and 141 females; age was (34.89±6.15) years old; equivalent spherical refraction (SE) was (-3.78±3.25) D. 59 (25.11%, 59/235) were divided into high myopia group (SE≤-6.0 D), along with 131 (55.74%, 131/235) low to moderate myopia group (-0.5 D> SE>-6.0 D), and 45 (19.15%, 45/235) emmetropia group (0.5 D≥SE≥-0.5 D). Retinal vascular geometric measurements, including central retinal arteriolar equivalent (CRAE), central retinal venular equivalent (CRVE), fractal dimension arteriole (FDa), fractal dimension venule (FDv), curvature tortuosity arteriole (CTORTa), curvature tortuosity venule, branch angle arteriole (BAa), branch angle venule, branch coefficient arteriole and branching coefficient venule, were extracted by using a validated computer program. One-way analysis of variance and analysis of covariance were performed to compare the measurements across the high myopia, low to moderate myopia, and emmetropia groups. Linear regression analysis was used to explore the relationship between SE and retinal vascular geometric parameters.Results:The differences in CRAE ( F=65.11), CRVE ( F=61.52), FDa (F=14.26), FDv ( F=8.31), CTORTa ( F=5.07) and BAa (F=6.51) among eys of high myopia group, low to moderate myopia group and emmetropia group remained significant ( P<0.05) after adjusting for age, glycosylated hemoglobin, mean arterial pressure, body mass index, and intraocular pressure. CRAE and CRVE were linearly correlated with the SE ( P<0.05). FDa, FDv, cTORTa and BAa decreased with the decrease of SE in high myopia ( P<0.05). Conclusions:Myopia is associated with the change of the retinal vascular geometric characteristics. With the deepening of myopia, the change of retinal vascular geometric characteristics gradually worsens.

Objective To investigate the relationship between BMI and blood lipids, blood glucose and blood uric acid. Methods A total of 3 860 employees from a university who underwent physical examination in 2018 were selected and divided into obesity group, fat group, normal group and lean group according to their body mass index. The levels of blood lipids, fasting blood glucose and blood uric acid among different groups were analyzed and compared. Results There were a total of 1,889 people in the obesity group and fat group, accounting for 48.94% of the total. The weight difference among the different groups was statistically significant (P＜0.05), while there was no statistical significance in age difference among different groups. The height in the obese group and fat group was significantly different compared with the normal group. There were significant differences in the levels of triglyceride (TG), high-density lipoprotein (HDL-C) and blood uric acid (UA) in the different groups (P<0.05). The fasting blood glucose level (GLU) in both the obesity group and fat group was significantly different compared with the normal group (P<0.05). With the increase in body weight index, the proportion of high blood fat, fatty liver, hyperglycemia and high blood uric acid all increased significantly as compared with the normal group or the lean group, and the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). The proportion of fatty liver and hyperuricemia in the male was higher than that in the female. Conclusion The risk of high blood fat, fatty liver, hyperglycemia and hyperuricemia in college faculty and staff was significantly increased with the increase of BMI. It is suggested that the college employees should have a balanced diet, increase exercise, and control BMI within a reasonable range.