As one of the primary prevention measures to reduce birth defects , the premarital healthcare service has played an important role in the prevention of communicable diseases , maintaining the harmonious and happy mar-riage, health and other aspects of protection of the next generation .Different countries and regions also design and implement the premarital medical examination system based on their actual situations .This article summarized the practices, characteristics and experiences of premarital healthcare services in some foreign countries and regions through several aspects including model , set projects content , financing and other aspects of the application of the premarital results.Finally, this paper put forwards suggestions on the premarital healthcare services in our country to help healthy the carrying out of the premarital work .

INTRODUCTIONHuman immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) genotyping resistance test (GRT) is essential for monitoring HIV-1 drug resistance mutations (DRMs). High cost and HIV-1 genetic variability are challenges to assay availability in Singapore. An in-house Sanger sequencing-based GRT method was developed at the Communicable Disease Centre (CDC), Singapore's HIV national treatment reference centre for both subtype B and non-subtype B HIV-1.

MATERIALS AND METHODSThe in-house GRT sequenced the fi rst 99 codons of protease (PR) and 244 codons of reverse transcriptase (RT) in the pol gene. The results were compared with the Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved ViroSeq™ HIV-1 Genotyping System.

RESULTSSubtype assignment for the 46 samples were as follows: 31 (67.4%) CRF01_AE, 14 (30.5%) subtype B and 1 (2.1%) subtype C. All 46 samples had viral load of ≥500 copies/mL, and were successfully amplified by the in-house primer sets. Compared to the ViroSeq™ test, our in-house assay showed drug-resistance conferring codon concordance of 99.9% at PR and 98.9% at RT, and partial concordance of 0.1% at PR and 1.1% at RT. No discordant result was observed.

CONCLUSIONThe assay successfully identified DRMs in both subtype AE and B, making it suitable for the efficient treatment monitoring in genetically diverse population. At less than half of the running cost compared to the ViroSeq™ assay, the broadly sensitive in-house assay could serve as a useful addition to the currently limited HIV genotyping assay options for resource-limited settings, thereby enhancing the DRM surveillance and monitoring in the region.

Anti-Retroviral Agents ; pharmacology ; Drug Resistance, Viral ; genetics ; Genes, pol ; genetics ; Genotyping Techniques ; methods ; HIV Infections ; drug therapy ; virology ; HIV-1 ; drug effects ; genetics ; Humans ; Mutation ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; methods ; Singapore

PURPOSE: BioPATH is a non-interventional study evaluating the relationship of molecular biomarkers (PTEN deletion/downregulation, PIK3CA mutation, truncated HER2 receptor [p95HER2], and tumor HER2 mRNA levels) to treatment responses in Asian patients with HER2+ advanced breast cancer treated with lapatinib and other HER2-targeted agents. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Female Asian HER2+ breast cancer patients (n=154) who were candidates for lapatinib-based treatment following metastasis and having an available primary tumor biopsy specimen were included. The primary endpoint was progression-free survival (PFS). Secondary endpoints were response rate, overall survival on lapatinib, correlation between biomarker status and PFS for any previous trastuzumab-based treatment, and conversion/conservation rates of the biomarker status between tissue samples collected at primary diagnosis and at recurrence/metastasis. Potential relationships between tumor mRNA levels of HER2 and response to lapatinib-based therapy were also explored. RESULTS: p95HER2, PTEN deletion/downregulation, and PIK3CA mutation did not demonstrate any significant co-occurrence pattern and were not predictive of clinical outcomes on either lapatinib-based treatment or any previous trastuzumab-based therapy in the metastatic setting. Proportions of tumors positive for p95HER2 expression, PIK3CA mutation, and PTEN deletion/down-regulation at primary diagnosis were 32%, 31.2%, and 56.2%, respectively. Despite limited availability of paired samples, biomarker status patterns were conserved in most samples. HER2 mRNA levels were not predictive of PFS on lapatinib. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of p95HER2 expression, PIK3CA mutation, and PTEN deletion/downregulation at primary diagnosis were similar to previous reports. Importantly, no difference was observed in clinical outcome based on the status of these biomarkers, consistent with reports from other studies.
Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; Biomarkers ; Biopsy ; Breast Neoplasms ; Breast ; Diagnosis ; Disease-Free Survival ; Female ; Humans ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; Prevalence ; RNA, Messenger ; Trastuzumab

INTRODUCTION: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has had an unprecedented impact in Asia and has placed significant burden on already stretched healthcare systems. We examined the impact of COVID-19 on the safety attitudes among healthcare workers (HCWs), as well as their associated demographic and occupational factors, and measures of burnout, depression and anxiety. METHODS: A cross-sectional survey study utilising snowball sampling was performed involving doctors, nurses and allied health professions from 23 hospitals in Singapore, Malaysia, India and Indonesia between 29 May 2020 and 13 July 2020. This survey collated demographic data and workplace conditions and included three validated questionnaires: the Safety Attitudes Questionnaire (SAQ), Oldenburg Burnout Inventory and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. We performed multivariate mixed-model regression to assess independent associations with the SAQ total percentage agree rate (PAR). RESULTS: We obtained 3,163 responses. The SAQ total PARs were found to be 35.7%, 15.0%, 51.0% and 3.3% among the respondents from Singapore, Malaysia, India and Indonesia, respectively. Burnout scores were highest among respondents from Indonesia and lowest among respondents from India (70.9%-85.4% vs. 56.3%-63.6%, respectively). Multivariate analyses revealed that meeting burnout and depression thresholds and shifts lasting ≥12 h were significantly associated with lower SAQ total PAR. CONCLUSION Addressing the factors contributing to high burnout and depression and placing strict limits on work hours per shift may contribute significantly towards improving safety culture among HCWs and should remain priorities during the pandemic.
Humans ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Pandemics ; COVID-19/epidemiology* ; Burnout, Psychological ; Health Personnel