Objective To investigate the relation between macrophage infiltration and degree of calcific aortic stenosis (CAVS)in elder patients.Methods The aortic valve specimens were collected from 2012 September to 2014 March in Depart‐ment of Cardiac Surgery of Hainan General Hospital ,for operation removal ,from 80 cases[40 males and 40 females ,age:(58 ± 6)years old];normal aortic valve specimens were collected from 7 patients undergoing surgical removal of the normal aortic valve because of aneurysm[4 males ,3 female patients ,aged(41 ± 8)years] ,and 80 healthy adults served as control group.The clinical data of patients were collected ,and CAVS valve and normal valve were observed by HE staining.Expression feature of macrophages was studied by immunohistochemical(IHC)staining.IPP(Image‐Pro Plus)software was used to measure the densi‐ty of macrophages ,and Pearson relation analysis was employed to study the correlation between the density of macrophages and the degree of valve stenosis.Results As compared with healthy adults ,cholesterol and C reactive protein in patients with CAVS were significantly elevated.There were infiltration of inflammatory cells ,new blood capillaries and calcification in the valves of CAVS lesions observed by HE staining.No positive expression of macrophage marker CD68 was found in normal aortic valves , but CD68 positive expression was observed in the valves of CAVS by IHC staining ,and mainly concentrated in the peripheral calcification and osteoid tissues.Simple linear regression analysis showed the density of macrophages was positively correlated with the large pressure gradient(r=0.75 ,P<0.05) ,the average differential pressure(r=0.75 ,P<0.05) ,and the maximum aortic jet velocity(r=0.72 ,P<0.05) ,however ,was negatively correlated(r= -0.71 ,P<0.05)with the valve orifice area .Con‐clusion Compared with healthy adult volunteers ,the concentration of cholesterol and C reactive protein were elevated in blood of the patients with CAVS.Compared with the normal valve ,the macrophages were infiltrated in CAVS valves ;the density of macrophage was positively correlated with the degree of CAVS.

Objective Toinvestigatetheclinicalfeaturesandsurgicalprognosisofmoyamoya syndromeinchildren.Methods Theclinicaldataof12childrenwithmoyamoyasyndromeadmittedto the 307th Hospital of People′s Liberation Army from December 2002 to October 2013 were analyzed retrospectively. Eleven of them underwent encephalo-duro-arterio-synangiosis (EDAS). A total of 550 children with moyamoya disease in the same period were used as a control group. The clinical characteristics and surgical efficacy of the children with moyamoya syndrome were summarized and concluded by comparing the clinical data of the two groups,including sex,age of onset,initial symptom,progress symptoms, Suzukiinstallments,imagingfeatures,andsurgicalefficacy.Results Themaleandfemaleratioof the children with moyamoya syndrome was 1∶2. Their mean age of onset was 12 ± 5 years old. There were significant differences in the initial symptom (cerebral infarction and cerebral hemorrhage )and disease progress between the children with moyamoya syndrome group and the control group (5/12 vs. 14. 5%[80/550], 3/12 vs. 61. 8%[340/550],and 5/12 vs. 8.7%[48/550],respectively;all P<0. 05). Within the follow-up period,of the 11 children underwent EDAS,7 cases had no further attack,and 4 cases were improved significantly. There was significant difference in the modified Rankin scale (mRS)between the beforeandaftersurgery(0[0,1]vs.2[1,2];P<0.05).Conclusions Theclinicalfeaturesofthe children with moyamoya syndrome have some differences with those with moyamoya disease. Timely and effective EDAS treatment may effectively prevent disease progression and improve the prognosis of patients.

Objective With the emerging omnipresence of arthroscopy, the plica syndrome has achieved a clinical recogni-tion as a pathological entity .This study is to investigate the clinical diagnosis and treatment of the medial plica syndrome of the knee . Methods We retrospectively analyzed 198 cases of medial plica syndrome, internal semilunar cartilage and chondromalacia patellae in the knee joints treated in our department from January 2008 to December 2011 .All the patients received physical and MRI examina-tions before admission and underwent plicaectomy, their knee function evaluated according to their Lysholm scores pre-and post-opera-tively. Results The diseased plica synovialis was completely excised in 46 cases diagnosed as simple medial plica syndrome by ar-throscopy.Forty-four of the patients were followed up for 6 to 32 (mean 26) months, and the excellence rate of treatment result was 95.5%. Conclusion Medial plica syndrome of the knee constitutes a larger proportion of knee disorders, for which arthroscopy re-mains the best diagnostic option and total excision of the diseased plica synovialis is an effective treatment .

Objective To investigate the role and the mechanism of NgR (310)ecto-Fc in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE). Methods EAE models were successfully induced in 90 Lewis rats and equally randomized into group A (without treatment), group B (giving NgR(310)ecto-Fc treatment 1 d after the success of model making) and group C (giving NgR(310)ecto-Fc treatment right after onset of the disease). The clinical scores, pathological changes of the animals were observed and compared before and after treatment. Changes of NgR expression and counts of NgR(310)ecto-Fc positive cells in the myeloid tissue were tested by immunohistochemistry before and after treatment.Results Clinical scores in group B (3.020±1.017, 1.365±0.127) and group C (2.853±0.958, 1.275±0.092) were significantly lower than those in group A (4.476± 1.525, 1.894+0.135) on the 15th and 25th d of success of model making (P＜0.05), while no significant differences on the clinical scores were noted between group B and group C. NgR expression was observed in the myeloid tissue of all groups; the counts of NgR(310)ecto-Fc positive cells in the myeloid tissue in group B (79.07± 10.31, 45.89±4.77) and group C (70.47±7.40, 40.63±4.15) were obviously decreased as compared with those in group A (101.12±11.97, 62.95±7.11) on the 15th and 25th d of success of model making (P＜0.05); while no significant differences on the counts of NgR (310)ecto-Fc positive cells were noted between group B and group C (P＞0.05). Conclusion NgR (310)ecto-Fc can alleviate the clinical symptoms of EAE by suppressing the expression of NgR, leading to no activation of myelin-related inhibitory factor (Nogo-A, MAG and OMgp), and inducing the growth of axons in EAE.

Objective To evaluate the predictive value of ABCD2 scoring system in cerebral infarction and death events in the medium-term after transient ischemic attack (TIA) of Chinese population. Methods One hundred and seventy-nine patients with TIA having complete clinical data,admitted to our hospital from January 2008, were chosen in our perspective study. The ABCD2 scale was applied to all the patients and used to observe the 18-month cerebral infarction risk events; according to these data, patients after TIA were divided into cerebral infarction group and non-cerebral infarction group; To the end of 18 months, according to the death event, the patients were divided into survival group and death group. The age, level of blood pressure, clinical features, duration of symptoms and history of diabetes were collected and compared between each 2 groups; the cutofflevel of ABCI2 scale for anticipating cerebral infarction risk and mortality was evaluated according to receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. Results Among the studied 179 patients, 52 patients appeared cerebral infarctions within 18 months of TIA; patients in the cerebral infarction group had significantly higher percentage of patients with blood pressure ≥ 140/90 mm Hg (86.5％), unilateral weakness (42.3％),duration of symptoms ≥60 minutes (55.8％), or duration of symptoms 10 to 59 minutes (40.4％), and diabetes (80.8％) as compared with patients in the non-cerebral infarction group (P＜0.05). According to the ROC curve, area under curve was 0.874 of ABCD2 scale for anticipating cerebral infarction risk, 95％confidence interval (CI) was 0.817-0.931 and the cutoff level of ABCD2 scale for anticipating medium-term cerebral infarction risk was 4.5. Among the studied 179 patients, 35 patients died within 18months of TIA; no significant difference in the scores of ABCD2 scale was noted between survival group and death group (P＞0.05); according to ROC curve, area under curve was 0.492 of ABCD2 scale for anticipating mortality, and 95％ CI was 0.389-0.596. Conclusion ABCD2 scale has predictive value in cerebral infarction event, while not in death event in the medium-term of TIA.

Objective To investigate the role of HBO on the change of levels of ACA and thrombomodulin among parents with ischemic encephalopathy. Methods Patients were divided into three groups: group A (patients with atherosclerosis and thrombosis),group B (patients with cardiogenic embolism) and group C (patients with small artery lesion). All patients were treated with HBO and regular drugs. And then sss scores were recorded and levels of ACA-IgG and thrombomodulin were detected by ELISA before and after therapy of HBO. Results The index of ACA-IgG and lelvel of TM in A,B and C group were higher than those in control group,there are differences among them(P＜0.05),and the level of them were higher in B group than in A and C group.There were significant differences in SSS score for brain function using different therapies in A、B and C group (P＜0.05), but there are no differences among them(P＞0.05).There were differences in the index of ACA-IgG and thrombomodulin using different therapies in A,B and C group(P＜0.05),however,there were no differences among them (P＞0.05). Conclusion HBO can alleviate clinical symptoms and improve recovery of neuron by decreasing the level of ACA-IgG and thrombomodulin in blood,but the effect is not significantly different for ischemic encephalopathy caused by different factors.

With the advance of drug development and research techniques, the drug metabolic processes and mechanism can be more deeply achieved. As the drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics process are mediated by drug metabolizing enzymes and transporters, study of drug metabolizing enzymes and transporters has become an important part for drug development. The traditional immunoassays with low sensitivity and poor specificity can not reflect the accurate expression level of drug metabolizing enzymes and transporters. We now give a brief review on the quantitative study of drug metabolizing enzymes and transporters by mass spectrometry-based proteomic approach.
Enzymes ; chemistry ; Humans ; Inactivation, Metabolic ; Mass Spectrometry ; Membrane Transport Proteins ; chemistry ; Pharmacokinetics ; Proteomics

BACKGROUND:Previous studies have indicated that ulinastatin can inhibit RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis on RAW264.7 cells and also lower matrix metal oproteinase-9 expression and activity. However, it remains be unclear whether ulinastatin has the intervention effect on polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA)-induced MC3T3-E1 mouse preosteoblast apoptosis or not. ＜br> OBJECTIVE:To explore the intervention role of ulinastatin on the PMMA-induced MC3T3-E1 mouse preosteoblast apoptosis and its effects on type I col agen, osteocalcin, matrix metal oproteinase-2 mRNA expression. ＜br> METHODS:MC3T3-E1 mouse preosteoblasts at passages 6 and 7 were divided into four groups:blank group (only cultured MC3T3-E1 mouse preosteoblast), PMMA-induced group (MC3T3-E1 mouse preosteoblast+1 g/L PMMA bone cement suspension), low dose ulinastatin group (MC3T3-E1 mouse preosteoblast+1 g/L PMMA bone cement suspension+500 U/mL ulinastatin) and high dose ulinastatin group (MC3T3-E1 mouse preosteoblast+1 g/L PMMA bone cement suspension+5 000 U/mL ulinastatin). MTT method was adopted to detect the proliferation activity of proliferative activity of MC3T3-E1 mouse preosteoblast;alizarin red staining method was used to observe mineralization nodules of MC3T3-E1 mouse preosteoblast among different groups;the change of apoptosis rate for MC3T3-E1 cells was detected by flow cytometry analysis;semi-quantitative RT-PCR was taken to analyze type I col agen, osteocalcin, matrix metal oproteinase-2 mRNA expression level in MC3T3-E1 mouse preosteoblasts among different groups. ＜br> RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:Compared with the blank group, PMMA significantly inhibited the proliferation activity of MC3T3-E1 mouse preosteoblast (P＜0.05), and however significantly promoted cells apoptosis (P＜0.05). After addition of different concentrations of ulinastatin (500, 5 000 U/mL), the proliferation activity of MC3T3-E1 mouse preosteoblasts significantly raised (P＜0.05), and cells apoptosis rate significantly decreased (P＜0.05), showing the dose and time-dependent relation. Type I col agen and osteocalcin mRNA expression levels both significantly decreased after co-culture in PMMA group compared with the blank group (P＜0.05), matrix metal oproteinase-2 mRNA expression level, however, significantly increased (P＜0.05). After intervention with 5000 U/mL ulinastatin, type I col agen and osteocalcin mRNA expression levels both significantly increased, while matrix metal oproteinase-2 mRNA expression level significantly decreased (P＜0.05). PMMA group showed no obvious mineralization nodules. Yet, mineralization nodules were formed in the blank group, high and low dose ulinastatin groups. These results indicate that ulinastatin could have the inhibitory effect on the PMMA-induced MC3T3-E1 mouse preosteoblast apoptosis, and it could promote type I col agen and osteocalcin mRNA expression and yet suppress matrix metal oproteinase-2 mRNA expression.

Objective To investigate the effect of cell death by HIV-1 infection on gene 90K/Mac-2BP by RNA interference (RNAi) in U937 cell line.Methods We used human monocyte-macrophage cell line U937 as the cell model.Cells were infected by HIV-1 ( R5-tropic) 5 days, and then stained by PE-Annexin V and PerCP-7-AAD.90K/Mac-2BP in U937 cell line was knocked down , and these cells were infected by HIV-1 for 5 days.Then, cells were stained by PE-AnnexinV and PerCP-7-AAD.Apoptosis were examined upon flow cytometry .Results The percentages of Annexin V+cells without 90K/Mac-2BP knock-down were (16.27 ±0.30)% by HIV-1 infection.The percentages of them with 90K/Mac-2BP knock-down were (31.26 ±0.35)%, (25.76 ±0.30)%, (23.69 ±0.33)% respectively.The increase of cell apoptosis rate for HIV-1-infected U937 cells by 90K/Mac-2BP siRNA transfection was significantly greater than that for HIV-1-infected untreated cells (P﹤0.01).Conclusion The apoptosis of HIV-1-infected U937 cells was regulated by the expression of 90K/Mac-2BP.

Objective To study the effect of repeated rectal exposure of low -dose simian immunodeficiency virus on the systemic cellular immunity in monkeys .Methods Eight 3-to 4-year old rhesus macaques ( Macaca mulatta) (male:female 1:1) were used in this study.The monkeys were inoculated with 10 TCID50 SIVmac239 virus through rectum twice a week for consecutive 6 weeks to establish a multiple rectal exposure model of SIVmac 239 virus infection.Then, plasma viral load, CD4+ T cell count, T cell subsets and IFN-γsecretion of the experiment monkeys were determined . Results Low-dose SIVmac239 virus induced some changes in the immune system through the rectal mucosa , but didn’t induce typical infection.Repeated rectal mucosal low-dose virus exposure can activate the cellular immune system . Conclusions This study defines the effect of repeated low -dose simian immunodeficiency virus exposure on the systemic cellular immunity, and provided basic information for HIV-1 vaccine research.