OBJECTIVETo obtain the baseline data of organotins' pollution of Chinese meal in order to carry on primary danger analysis of the exposure.

METHODSThe samples of the third Chinese total diet study were determined by gas-chromatography pulsed flame photometric detector to estimate dietary intake of organotins. The dietary intake of organotins was estimated according to the contamination level of organotins and food consumption.

RESULTSOnly several kinds of organotin were founded in several foods and no organotins was found in fruit, sugar and alcoholic beverages. Dimethyltin (DMT) were detected in some samples from Southern 1 area, the content ranged from 1.5 microg/kg to 4.1 microg/kg. Butyltin compounds existed in seafoods from Southern 1 area, the contents of tributyltin (TBT), dibutyltin (DBT) and monobutyltin (MTB) being 0.9 microg/kg, 1.1 microg/kg, 1.4 microg/kg respectively. The lower limit and upper limit of exposure to tributyltin were from 0.003 microg x kg(-1) x d(-1) to 0.006 microg x kg(-1) x d(-1) and from 0.004 microg x kg(-1) x d(-1) to 0.019 microg x kg(-1) x d(-1) respectively. Comparing to ADI of tributyltin (WHO), the Chinese dietary intake of tributyltin only accounted for 2.5% and that of butyltin only accounted for 3.5%. To identify the contamination source of organotins in Southern 1 area, the individual samples of aquatic food from individual province were analyzed, revealing that Fujian province and Shanghai City were the main contributors of organotins pollution in this area. The belt fish and yellow croaker were typical pollution samples. Higher levels of DMT were detected in seafood samples from Shanghai.

CONCLUSIONThe exposure level of Chinese dietary was relative low, however the sources of organotin pollution needs further investigation.

China ; Chromatography, Gas ; methods ; Diet Surveys ; Food Contamination ; analysis ; Humans ; Tin Compounds ; analysis

Acute Disease ; Adult ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Tin Compounds ; poisoning

Colloidal particle size is an important characteristic that allows mapping sentinel nodes in lymphoscintigraphy. This investigation aimed to introduce different ways of making a 99mTc-tin colloid with a size of tens of nanometers. All agents, tin fluoride, sodium fluoride, poloxamer-188, and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), were mixed and labeled with 99mTc. Either phosphate or sodium bicarbonate buffers were used to adjust the pH levels. When the buffers were added, the size of the colloids increased. However, as the PVP continued to increase, the size of the colloids was controlled to within tens of nanometers. In all samples, phosphate buffer added PVP (30 mg) stabilized tin colloid (99mTc-PPTC-30) and sodium bicarbonate solution added PVP (50 mg) stabilized tin colloid (99mTc-BPTC-50) were chosen for in vitro and in vivo studies. 99mTc-BPTC-50 (<20 nm) was primarily located in bone marrow and was then secreted through the kidneys, and 99mTc-PPTC-30 (>100 nm) mainly accumulated in the liver. When a rabbit was given a toe injection, the node uptake of 99mTc-PPTC-30 decreased over time, while 99mTc-BPTC-50 increased. Therefore, 99mTc-BPTC-50 could be a good candidate radiopharmaceutical for sentinel node detection. The significance of this study is that nano-sized tin colloid can be made very easily and quickly by PVP.
Animals ; Buffers ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Humans ; Lymph Nodes/*radionuclide imaging ; Lymphatic Metastasis ; Metal Nanoparticles/chemistry/ultrastructure ; Mice ; Neoplasms, Experimental/*radionuclide imaging ; Particle Size ; Povidone/*chemistry ; Rabbits ; Radiopharmaceuticals/*chemical synthesis ; Reproducibility of Results ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Technetium Compounds/*chemistry ; Tin/*chemistry ; Tin Compounds/*chemistry

The objective of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of sentinel lymph node biopsy by using a radiotracer lymphatic mapping technique in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity, and the diagnostic value of this technique. We studied twenty patients with previously untreated squamous cell carcinomas of the oral cavity and N0 necks. After the peritumoral injection of 99mTc filtered tin colloid preop-eratively, lymphoscintigraphy and intraoperative mapping using a gamma detector were performed to localize sentinel nodes. An open biopsy of the sentinel node was followed by complete neck dissection. We identified the sentinel nodes in 19 of 20 patients (95.0%) by lymphoscintigraphy and in all (100%) by intraoperative gamma detector. In all cases, the status of the sentinel node accurately predicted the pathologic status of the neck with the false negative rate being 0%. The negative predictive value for the absence of cervical metastases was 100%. In conclusion, our radio-localization technique of sentinel nodes using 99mTc filtered tin colloid in N0 squamous cell carcinomas of the oral cavity is technically feasible and appears to accurately predict the presence of the occult metastatic disease.
Tin Compounds/*diagnostic use ; Technetium Compounds/*diagnostic use ; *Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy ; Radiopharmaceuticals/*diagnostic use ; Mouth Neoplasms/*pathology/*radionuclide imaging ; Middle Aged ; Male ; Lymphatic Metastasis ; Lymph Nodes/*radionuclide imaging ; Humans ; Female ; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/*pathology/*radionuclide imaging ; Aged ; Adult

In this study, sections of twenty eight teeth were used to investigate the effect of topical application of 8% stannous fluoride on the decalcification rate of enamel surfaces stripped in a manner suggested for orthodontic purpose. The enamel treated with a single application of a fluoride had a significantly lower tile rate of decalcification for the first 96 hours to lactate buffer solution. After double application of fluoride, decalcification rate decreased signicantly. This study suggested that the continuing protection of stripped surfaces should be sought by regularly scheduled treatment of the enamel with the topical application of fluoride and regular use of a fluoride containing dentifrice.
Dental Enamel* ; Dentifrices ; Fluorides ; Lactic Acid ; Tin Fluorides* ; Tooth

Occupational neurotoxic diseases have become increasingly common in Taiwan due to industrialization. Over the past 40 years, Taiwan has transformed from an agricultural society to an industrial society. The most common neurotoxic diseases also changed from organophosphate poisoning to heavy metal intoxication, and then to organic solvent and semiconductor agent poisoning. The nervous system is particularly vulnerable to toxic agents because of its high metabolic rate. Neurological manifestations may be transient or permanent, and may range from cognitive dysfunction, cerebellar ataxia, Parkinsonism, sensorimotor neuropathy and autonomic dysfunction to neuromuscular junction disorders. This study attempts to provide a review of the major outbreaks of occupational neurotoxins from 1968 to 2012. A total of 16 occupational neurotoxins, including organophosphates, toxic gases, heavy metals, organic solvents, and other toxic chemicals, were reviewed. Peer-reviewed articles related to the electrophysiology, neuroimaging, treatment and long-term follow up of these neurotoxic diseases were also obtained. The heavy metals involved consisted of lead, manganese, organic tin, mercury, arsenic, and thallium. The organic solvents included n-hexane, toluene, mixed solvents and carbon disulfide. Toxic gases such as carbon monoxide, and hydrogen sulfide were also included, along with toxic chemicals including polychlorinated biphenyls, tetramethylammonium hydroxide, organophosphates, and dimethylamine borane. In addition we attempted to correlate these events to the timeline of industrial development in Taiwan. By researching this topic, the hope is that it may help other developing countries to improve industrial hygiene and promote occupational safety and health care during the process of industrialization.
Arsenic ; Ataxia ; Carbon Disulfide ; Carbon Monoxide ; Cerebellar Diseases ; Delivery of Health Care ; Developing Countries ; Dimethylamines ; Disease Outbreaks ; Electrophysiology ; Gases ; Hexanes ; Hydrogen Sulfide ; Manganese ; Metals, Heavy ; Nervous System ; Neuroimaging ; Neurologic Manifestations ; Neuromuscular Junction Diseases ; Neurotoxins ; Occupational Diseases ; Occupational Health ; Organophosphate Poisoning ; Organophosphates ; Parkinsonian Disorders ; Polychlorinated Biphenyls ; Quaternary Ammonium Compounds ; Semiconductors ; Sodium Fluoride ; Solvents ; Taiwan ; Thallium ; Tin ; Toluene ; Urethane

Occupational neurotoxic diseases have become increasingly common in Taiwan due to industrialization. Over the past 40 years, Taiwan has transformed from an agricultural society to an industrial society. The most common neurotoxic diseases also changed from organophosphate poisoning to heavy metal intoxication, and then to organic solvent and semiconductor agent poisoning. The nervous system is particularly vulnerable to toxic agents because of its high metabolic rate. Neurological manifestations may be transient or permanent, and may range from cognitive dysfunction, cerebellar ataxia, Parkinsonism, sensorimotor neuropathy and autonomic dysfunction to neuromuscular junction disorders. This study attempts to provide a review of the major outbreaks of occupational neurotoxins from 1968 to 2012. A total of 16 occupational neurotoxins, including organophosphates, toxic gases, heavy metals, organic solvents, and other toxic chemicals, were reviewed. Peer-reviewed articles related to the electrophysiology, neuroimaging, treatment and long-term follow up of these neurotoxic diseases were also obtained. The heavy metals involved consisted of lead, manganese, organic tin, mercury, arsenic, and thallium. The organic solvents included n-hexane, toluene, mixed solvents and carbon disulfide. Toxic gases such as carbon monoxide, and hydrogen sulfide were also included, along with toxic chemicals including polychlorinated biphenyls, tetramethylammonium hydroxide, organophosphates, and dimethylamine borane. In addition we attempted to correlate these events to the timeline of industrial development in Taiwan. By researching this topic, the hope is that it may help other developing countries to improve industrial hygiene and promote occupational safety and health care during the process of industrialization.
Arsenic ; Ataxia ; Carbon Disulfide ; Carbon Monoxide ; Cerebellar Diseases ; Delivery of Health Care ; Developing Countries ; Dimethylamines ; Disease Outbreaks ; Electrophysiology ; Gases ; Hexanes ; Hydrogen Sulfide ; Manganese ; Metals, Heavy ; Nervous System ; Neuroimaging ; Neurologic Manifestations ; Neuromuscular Junction Diseases ; Neurotoxins ; Occupational Diseases ; Occupational Health ; Organophosphate Poisoning ; Organophosphates ; Parkinsonian Disorders ; Polychlorinated Biphenyls ; Quaternary Ammonium Compounds ; Semiconductors ; Sodium Fluoride ; Solvents ; Taiwan ; Thallium ; Tin ; Toluene ; Urethane

OBJECTIVEThis study aims to assess the effects of desensitizing toothpaste containing stannous fluoride on dentine hypersensitivity by performing Meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCT) involving the treatment of dentine hypersensitivity with stannous fluoride-containing toothpaste.

METHODSThe study was developed based on the Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions (Version 5.1.0) and included the following: search strategy, selection criteria, data extraction, and risk of bias assessment. We searched electronic databases such as CNKI, CBM, PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library up to January 2015. RCT of treating dentine hypersensitivity with stannous fluoride-containing toothpaste were included. Data extraction and domain-based risk of bias assessment were independently performed by two reviewers. Meta-analysis was performed with RevMan 5.3 software.

RESULTSSix RCT with 494 patients (247 in the experimental group and 247 in the control group) were included. The results of Meta-analysis showed that the desensitizing effect of stannous fluoride-containing toothpaste was significantly better than that of control in tactile sensitivity test (SMD=1.41, 95% confidence interval 0.74-2.09, P<0.00001) and air blast test (SMD = -1.16, 95% confidence interval -1.84--0.48, P<0.000 01).

CONCLUSIONCurrent evidence shows that stannous fluoride-containing toothpaste is effective in treating dentine hypersensitivity in clinic. However, due to limited sample size and lower quality of the included studies, more high quality and large-sample RCT are needed to further verify the evidence.

Dentin Desensitizing Agents ; therapeutic use ; Dentin Sensitivity ; drug therapy ; Humans ; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic ; Sodium Fluoride ; Tin Fluorides ; therapeutic use ; Toothpastes ; therapeutic use ; Treatment Outcome