The strains of JE vaccine were produced from Nakayama strain: S461, S462, S463 and from Beijing-1 strain: BS0704, BS0804, BS0904. The content of formalin for inactivation was 0.06% at 40C. The schedule for testing: 0, 3, 7, 14, 21, 28 and 35 days. The crude virus was inoculated directly into IC 0.03 ml/mouse then followed up within 14 days. Calculated LD50 according to Reed and Muench method. Results: LD50 decreased step by step and LD50 = 0 at the 28th days. That means from 28th days, crude vaccine which was produced from Nakayama and Beijing-1 strains were completely inactivated.
Encephalitis, Japanese ; Time Factors

A qualitative study on health workers, pharmacists working at Health Center of Thanh Oai district, Ha Tay province to identify standard time and needs about doctors for this center in 2005. The highest need was that having doctors working at examination department (50%), surgery department (74%), tuberculosis - infectious disease department (81%), pediatric department - emergency and intensive care department (90%). The number of doctors at internal medicine department, traditional medicine department, imaging diagnosis department exceeded the need from 17-142%
Health Facilities ; Time Factors

Study on 730 pregnant women with oligohydramnios, among 10,663 normal pregnancies at National Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital in 2002. In 250 pregnant women with oligohydramnios there were 66.4% had cesarian section, 31.6% had normal childbirth and 4% had an extra option under childbirth, the amniotic fluid volume depended on gestational age, from 30 weeks, amniotic fluid volume decreased with the speed about 33% per one week. Amniotic fluid volume associated with the condition on health of fetus. Now using the ultrasound to evaluate the amniotic fluid volume by two techniques: the maximal vertical pocket and the amniotic fluid index
Fetus ; Oligohydramnios ; Time Factors

PURPOSE: In Korea, the working-hour limitation regulation has been implemented in December 2017. We aimed to define the difference in operative experience of surgical residents before and after implementing this policy in 2 hospitals among 8 affiliated hospitals of the Catholic Medical Center where implemented the 80 working-hour limitation policy since March 2015. METHODS: All the operation records were reviewed, and the number of resident-participated surgeries between March and August in 2002 and 2017 were compared. Operations performed or participated in by residents as first assistants were defined as resident participated surgery. RESULTS: After 2 years from the initiation of the resident work-hour limitations, the number of resident participated surgery has slightly decreased in both hospitals (Yeouido St. Mary's Hospital [YSM]: 317 to 302, St. Paul Hospital [SPH]: 635 to 461). For each resident, changes were like followings: 0 → 21 cases for R1, 65 → 72 cases for R2, 83 → 192 cases for R3, and 169 → 17 cases for R4 in YSM. In SPH, number of resident participating surgery was changed like followings: 4 → 32 cases for R1, 222 → 100 cases for R2, 317 → 300 cases for R3, and 92 → 29 cases for R4. In both hospital, while, total number of resident participating oncologic surgery has been decreased, number of resident participating appendectomy has been far increased. Activity of each grade resident is different according to hospital. CONCLUSION: Although total number of resident participating surgery decreased, variable changes were observed in each grade of resident according to each type of surgery and different hospitals. It is believed that comparisons of experiences from more hospitals in the future would be helpful in establishing the guidelines for surgical experience requirement of residents in Korea.
Appendectomy ; Korea ; Time Factors

Humans ; Physiological Phenomena ; Qi ; Time ; Time Factors

In a few years we are likely to see 3D images generated instantly, and with comparable resolution to today's 2D views. Inclusion of functional information, possibly at the molecular level, could also assist in clinical decision-making. Some specialist clinicians with intimate knowledge of their field of interest are likely to have a better understanding of the pathology and physiology of an organ system than a general radiologist. So given that the images will be presented in a more familiar format, why should clinicians and surgeons wait for a general radiologist to read them? If radiologists wish to retain their role as the experts in image interpretation, they will not only need a thorough understanding of imaging and radiological anatomy, but also a detailed understanding of pathology and physiology. It is clearly unrealistic to expect most people to gain that knowledge across a range of fields, hence the need for subspecialization. There are already commercial moves to harness the expertise of superspecialist radiologists, using teleradiology, to provide expert opinions in particularly difficult cases. This is just the beginning of a major shift in the pattern of practice in radiology. The radiology community cannot ignore impending technological developments. If radiologists take no interest in the emergence of highly detailed, user-friendly images, then the clinicians and surgeons will organise their own department-based image interpretation. However, radiologists are very good at adapting to technological change and are very likely to rise to these challenges. Far from having a sell-by date, radiology has a bright future.
Radiology ; standards ; trends ; Time Factors

OBJECTIVE: Common findings are to be found from 144 different type of medical device manufacturers' audit reports which are from Jan. 2017 to Jun. 2019. Advise is to be provided for medical device manufacturers on continual improvement. METHODS: Classify and analyze the on-site audit findings from different type of medical device manufacturers. RESULTS: The frequency of findings from chapter production management, buildings and facilities, quality control are comparatively high. CONCLUSIONS The key to improve the quality management system is to cultivate the staff sense of continual improvement of quality system, improve the staff ability of finding and solving problems, encourage staff participation in quality system, fit the quality system on product realization.
Industry ; Quality Control ; Time Factors

Humans ; Deglutition ; Time Factors ; Language

BACKGROUND: In trauma patients, bony thorax are exposured to the trauma in many cases. With simple x-ray, we can not detect all definitive bony abnormalities, especially in less severe cases. Bone scan is very sensitive diagnostic method in such cases. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We experienced 680 cases and results were as follows. RESULTS: 1. Diagnostic sensitivity was 97.4% and false negative rate was 2.6%. 2. In sensitivity study, the time factor (when we perform bone scan) was the most important thing according to trauma pattern. In rib fracture, sensitive test time was after 1 week. In sternal fracture, sensitive test time was after 1 week, too. In costochondral junction fracture and combined cases, it was after 3 days. CONCLUSIONS: We recommend timely using of bone scan as definitive diagnostic method in bony thorax trauma patients.
Humans ; Rib Fractures ; Thorax* ; Time Factors

Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation ; China ; Humans ; Time Factors