Objective To know the progress of research in oral care of orotracheal intubated patients in China and to analyze the existing problems as well as provide the reference for further study.Methods Databases of CNKI,Wanfang,VIP and CBM were searched for literature on oral care for the orotracheal intubated patients by the end of December 2013,and the methods of bibliometrics were used to analyze the research results.Results Three hundred and nine articles that met the inclusion and exclusion criteria from 1997 to 2013 were collected.These papers were mainly included in 22 kinds of nursing journals.The methods of oral care for orotracheal intubated patients could be classified into five types:rinse and swabbing (95 papers),traditional cotton(cotton swab) cleaning or gauze swabbing (58 papers),toothbrushing (54 papers),oral rinse (51 papers),laryngoscope assistance (7 papers).With 54 articles using traditional cotton balls as oral care tool,55 papers using toothbrush,including children toothbrush of soft bristle (29 papers),ordinary toothbrush (14 papers) and electric toothbrush (12 papers).Oral care solution mainly included normal saline(49 papers),traditional Chinese medicine (36 papers),chlorhexidine(36 papers),antibiotics (12 papers),povidone iodine (17 papers),sodium bicarbonate (9 papers),etc.Conclusions The oral care of orotracheal intubated patients has attracted the attention of researchers,but the use of oral care methods,the frequency in oral care and oral care tools still owe specification.More attention should be paid to strengthen the training of nursing staff,to improve the scientific research ability of scientific research workers and to carry out large sample and high quality trials.An oral care guideline that fits into our national conditions should be built in an effort to improve the level of oral care in critical patients in our country.

0.05).②Laser retinal visual acuity was from 0.12 to 0.4 preoperatively,and from 0.2 to 0.63 postoperatively,the difference was significant (P

Objective To verify the significance of the morphological changes of the macula and its relationship to visual function by using optical coherence tomography (OCT) after scleral buckling procdure. Methods The macula of retinae of 68 patients (70 eyes) with reattached retinae after scleral buckling operation for retinal detachment were examined by OCT to scan the macula through fovea vertically and horizontally. Results Among the 70 eyes, 22 eyes revealed normal macula with thickness of neurosensory retina meant (146.47?20.59) ?m. In the other 48 eyes (68.60%) with abnormal macula, 19 eyes showed extensive subretinal interspace, 9 eyes showed local subretinal interspace, 8 eyes showed macula edema, 4 eyes showed thin macula, 4 eyes showed subretinal proliferation and 4 eye showed epiretinal membrane over macula. In the normal macular structure group under the OCT, the visual acuity (VA) of the operated eyes was more than 0.3 in 6 eyes 2 weeks after operation and in 14 eyes 3 mons after operation. In the macula edema group, the VA was more than 0.3 in 1 eye 2 weeks after opoeration and 2 eyes 3 mons after operation. In the subretinal interspace group, the VA was more than 0.3 in 5 eyes 2 weeks after operation and in 23 eyes 3 mons after operation. The proportions of the numbers of operated eyes with the VA more than 0.3 after 3 mons of the operation in macular normal group subretinal interspace group and other macular disease group were significantly different (? 2=18.91, P

Objective To observe the electroretinogram (ERG) photopic negative response (PhNR) of idiopathic macular hole (IMH) in stage 2 by vitrectomy with or without internal limiting membrane peeling (ILMP).Methods Twenty-three stage 2 IMH patients (23 eyes) were enrolled in this prospective study.All patients received the best corrected visual acuity (BCVA),optical coherence tomography and flash-ERG examinations.The patients were randomly divided into group A (11 eyes,vitrectomy) and B (12 eyes,vitrectomy with ILMP).There was no significant difference in BCVA (t=0.96,P=0.350),diameter of macular hole (MH) (t=3.21,P=0.580) and the PhNR amplitude (t=0.98,P=0.353) in group A and B.All patients underwent 25G vitrectomy,ILMP was carried out in group B.The follow-up time was 3 to 6 months,with the mean follow-up time of 4.3 months.BCVA,MH closure rate and PhNR amplitude in group A and B were analyzed before and after surgery.Results Three months after surgery,10 eyes (90.9％) gained MH closure but 1 eye (9.1％) failed in group A.In group B,12 eyes (100.0％) gained MH closure.There was no significant difference in MH closure rate between the two groups (P=0.462).The mean BCVA of group A and B was 0.69 ± 0.24 and 0.65 ± 0.22,there was no significant difference between the two groups (t=0.49,P=0.722).The amplitude of PhNR in group A was (36.647.4) μtV,which was lower than the pre-surgery PhNR,but the difference was not significant (t=0.73,P=0.472).The amplitude of PhNR in group B was (27.1 ± 12.4) μV,which was lower than that the presurgery PhNR,and the difference was significant (t =3.56,P =0.002).The difference of PhNR amplitude in group A and B was statistically significant (t=2.17,P=0.042).Conclusion Compared with non-ILMP,vitrectomy combined with ILMP will significantly reduce the PhNR amplitude ofIMH in stage 2.

This study presents a fitting method for the intensity-response curve of electroretinogram. The data of b-wave amplitudes from 10 eyes with idiopathic macular hole and their contra-lateral contrast eye (normal) were analyzed. It was observed that the Rmax de creased significantly (P=0.013) in the eyes with idiopathic macular hole.

BACKGROUND: Optical coherence tomography(OCT) is a new type of noncontactable, noninjurious retinal tomographic technique. Minor serous detachment in retinal neuroepithelial layer can be resoluted and shown by it. The range of inferior fluid of retinal neuroepithelail layer or pigment epithelial layer can also be quantitatively measured to evaluate the recovery of vision.OBJECTIVE: To study the applicative value of OPT in evaluating the relation of vision and neuroepithelial layer in idiopathic central serous chorioretinopathy(ICSC) and its prognosis.DESIGN: Single sample study.SETTING: Ophthalmologic center in a university hospital.PARTICIPANTS: Patients with ICSC who were primarily diagnosed from January 1999 to June 2003 in the Ophthalmologic Center of the Medical College of Jinan University were included. There were 32 males and 8 females, with an average of(36.2 ± 5.6) years old.INTERVENTIONS: Zeiss-Humphrey OCT imaging meter was used for the examination. The maximal range and height of detachment in the serous detachment region of ICSC were measured respectively, and average value and standard deviation were then calculated.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Vision and the maximal range and height of serous detachment.RESULTS: Local detachment of retinal neuroepithelial layer in the center of macula retina was shown in the OCT images of the 40 eases(41 eyes) with ICSC. Detachment ranged from 705 to 5 720 μm[an average of (3 051 ± 1 338) μm], with the height from 55 to 491 μm[an average of (270 ± 114) μm] . Four eyes were complicated with serous detachment of pigment epithelial layer. And it was suggested by statistical analysis that the range and height of detachment were related with vision.CONCLUSION: OCT, as an objective noninjurious retinal tomography, its high resolution has important value and special predominee in the diagnosis, quantitative analysis and the detection and follow-up of optical functional assessment during the course of the ICSC.

OBJECTIVETo identify the characteristics of and evaluate surgical impact on idiopathic macular hole (IMH) by using an optical coherence tomography (OCT) scanner.

METHODSSixty-five cases (70 eyes) experiencing IMH were examined using OCT, then graded by their clinical characteristics. Nineteen cases (19 eyes) were scanned and measured using OCT before and after surgery.

RESULTSOf the 70 eyes,the number of stage I-IV macular holes were 11, 12, 36 and 11, respectively. For stage I holes, the OCT images revealed flattened or nonexistent fovea and minimally reflective space within or beneath the neurosensory retina; stage II holes appeared to be full-sized with attached operculum and surrounding edema; stage III holes were also full-sized with surrounding edema; finally, stage IV holes were full-sized and completely separated the posterior hyaloid membrane from the retina. Through quantitative measurements, OCT determined that the values for mean hole diameter, mean halo diameter and mean thickness of the hole's edge were reduced from 570.95 +/- 265.59 to 337.05 +/- 335.95 microm, 1043.53 +/- 278.8 to 695.00 +/- 483.00 microm and 389.78 +/- 60.58 to 298.78 +/- 109.80 microm, respectively in 19 IMH cases after surgery. In 17 eyes, the holes or halos eventually closed or were reduced in size, or the edges of the holes thinned out. The anatomic successful rate of the surgery was 89%.

CONCLUSIONOCT can exhibit the characteristics of IMH and measure the diameter of holes quantitatively. This method can also judge the surgical impacts of IMH objectively, accurately and effectively.

Adult ; Aged ; Female ; Humans ; Macula Lutea ; pathology ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Retinal Perforations ; pathology ; surgery ; Tomography ; methods

Objective To analyze the correlation between polymorphism of the BRCA2 gene rs206115 loci and sporadic breast cancer in Inner Mongolia. Methods We enrolled patients from the Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University from December 2015 to December 2016 who underwent breast surgery and were confirmed by pathology, resulting in a total of 101 cases of primary sporadic breast cancer (case group) and benign breast diseases (control group). DNA was extracted from blood samples and analyzed using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and direct sequencing methods for determining the BRCA2 gene rs206115 loci polymorphism. SPSS 17.0 was used for statistical analysis. Results In this experiment, regardless of whether the patients were Han or Mongolian, the rs206115 loci could be detected in 3 kinds of genotypes:AA, AG, and GG. The BRCA2 gene rs206115 locus gene polymorphism was not significantly different between the case and control groups (χ2=3.490, P = 0.175). The A allele frequency of the BRCA2 gene rs206115 loci in the case group was significantly increased compared to the control group (χ2=4.259, P = 0.039). Conclusion The A allele of rs206115 may be one of the susceptibility alleles in sporadic breast cancer in Mongolian and Han populations.

PURPOSE: In this study, we aimed to evaluate lymphocyte-activation gene-3 (LAG-3) expression and its prognostic value in neoadjuvant-treated triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). METHODS: LAG-3, programmed death-1 (PD-1), programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1), and CD8⁺ tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte (TILs) levels were examined using immunohistochemistry in 148 preand 114 post-neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) specimens of human TNBC tissue. Correlations between expression levels and clinicopathological features were analyzed. Prognostic values for combined detection in TNBC following NACT were evaluated. RESULTS: In pre-NACT specimens, LAG-3 expression showed a significant association with pathological complete response (pCR, p=0.038) and was correlated with PD-1 (p<0.001) and PD-L1 (p=0.008). In post-NACT specimens, high expression of LAG-3 showed significant effects on nodal status (p=0.023) and PD-1 (p<0.001). The expression of immune markers on TILs significantly increased following NACT. Multivariate analysis indicated that only nodal status (odds ratio [OR], 0.226; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.079–0.644; p=0.005) and high quantities of CD8⁺TILs (OR, 3.186; 95% CI, 1.314–7.721; p=0.010) are independent predictors of pCR. Nodal status (hazard ratio [HR], 2.666; 95% CI, 1.271–5.594; p=0.010), CD8⁺TILs (HR, 0.313; 95% CI, 0.139–0.705; p=0.005), and the LAG-3-high/PD-L1-high group (HR, 2.829; 95% CI, 1.050–7.623; p=0.040) provided prognostic values for patients with TNBC following NACT. CONCLUSION: CD8+TILs were sensitive predictive markers in response to NACT. High expression of LAG-3 in residual tissues, especially in combination with PD-L1, was associated with poor prognosis.
Biomarkers ; Drug Therapy ; Humans ; Immunohistochemistry ; Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating ; Multivariate Analysis ; Neoadjuvant Therapy ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Prognosis ; Triple Negative Breast Neoplasms*

Purpose: Elder self-neglect is a global public health issue and should be taken seriously at large. Nurses,usually working directly with elderly patients, have a better understanding of what factors may causeelder self-neglect. In this qualitative study, we explored the influencing factors of elder self-neglect fromthe perception of nurses in the context of Chinese culture. Methods: Face-to-face, in-depth interviews were conducted from November 2018 to December 2018.Purposive sampling was used. Twenty one participants recruited from eight geriatric wards of a generalhospital located in Wuhan were interviewed. A content analysis of qualitative nature was performed toanalyze the data. Results: Our conceptual model illustrated the findings based on the three themes of the conflict betweenpersonal recognition and social judgment, the choice between current needs and individual beliefs, aswell as the compromise between insufficient abilities and limited resources. Conclusion Nurses together with family members and social workers can help older adults improvetheir awareness of self-neglect to bridge the gap with social judgment, learn to focus on their own needs,as well as seek as much support as possible. Nurses should also respect the autonomy and selfdeterminationof elder self-neglecters because self-neglect is related to older adults' values. Furthermore,larger studies are needed to quantitatively test and refine the model.