The development of diagnostic techniques played an important role in the prevention and treatment of infectious diseases.The traditional diagnostic techniques , such as gram stain , microscopy , culture, antigen/antibody detection and polymerase chain reaction , were widely used in the clinical diagnosis.But they couldn′t meet the demands of clinic and infectious diseases surveillance.Therefore, the point of care testing and multiplex testing based on advanced diagnostic platforms were developing rapidly , which might have the potential to change infectious diseases diagnostics.

Objective To observe the clinical Resultsof ambroxol combined with glucocorticoids in the treatment of otitis media with effusion.Methods 81 cases fron June 2015 to 2016 October, were randomly, double-blind principle divided into observation group(42cases)and control group(39cases).The control group glucocorticoid therapy observation group were treated with ambroxol combined with glucocorticoid treatment, pure tone was observed before and after treatment were compared listen valve measured air conduction hearing level, hearing recovery and clinical efficacy.ResultsThe observation group were pure tone hearing valve after treatment was measured air conduction hearing level was significantly higher (P<0.05);drum pipe tobacco functioning proportion of patients in the observation group after treatment was 85.71%, significantly higher than 48.72% (P<0.05);The observation group total effective rate was 92.86%, significantly higher than 74.36% (P<0.05).Conclusion Ambroxol combined with glucocorticoids be effective in treating secretory otitis media, otitis media with effusion improve the clinical efficacy, and easy to operate, and is worthy of clinical application.

Objective To explore the isolation and antimicrobial susceptibility of Mycoplasma from urogenital tract,and provide the basis for rational clinical treatment.Methods Urogenital tract specimens from 57 904 outpa-tients in a hospital between 2008 and 2014 were performedUreaplasma urealyticum (Uu)and Mycoplasma hominis (Mh)culture,identification,and antimicrobial susceptibility testing.Results Of 57 904 patients with urogenital in-fection,21 614 (37.33%)had positive culture for Mycoplasma,isolation rate of Mycoplasma in female and male were 42.14% (18 917/44 889)and 20.72% (2 697/13 015 )respectively;Mycoplasma was mainly isolated from population of 21 -40 years old;Uu≥104 CFU/mL and Mh<104 CFU/mL mixed infection was common(69.35%). The resistance of Mycoplasma to doxycycline,josamycin,and tetracycline were all low(<10%);resistance rates of Mh to doxycycline,erythromycin,clarithromycin,and roxithromycin were all significantly higher than Uu (all P <0.05).Conclusion Mycoplasma infection/carriage rate in female outpatients is significantly higher than male outpa-tients,antimicrobial profile of Uu is different from Mh,josamycin and doxycycline can be as the first choice for treatment of non-gonococcal urethritis (cervicitis)caused by Mycoplasma.

Objective Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) provides a treatment for patients with acute heart-lung failure. However, as an invasive procedure, it associated with high incidence of complications. It is important to a-vert and reduce the complications for improving the success rate in critically ill patients. We investigate the complications associated with ECMO after cardiac surgery and their management. Methods Clinical data from 117 postoperative patients[32 male, mean age (48.7 ± 16.5) years]supported with ECMO in the cardiovascular intensive care unit( ICU) from March 2005 to June 2008 were analyzed retrospectively. The cardiac operations they had undergone included coronary artery bypass grafting (n = 20), coronary artery bypass grafting and remodeling of left ventricle(n =9), coronary artery bypass grafting and valvular operation(n =5), repair of ventricular septal perforation following acute myocardial infarction(n =2), valvular operation( n = 46), heart/lung transplantation (n = 20/1), correction of congenital heart defects ( n = 10), and aortic operations ( n = 4). Venoarterial bypass was established in 110 patients by cannulation of the right atrium and femoral artery, and that of the right atrium and ascending aorta in 5 cases. Left atrial drainage to ECMO was added in 2 cases. Venovenous bypass was established in 2 patients with hypoxemia following cardiac surgery. Heparin was infused for maintaining the activated coagulation time (ACT) at 160 to 200 seconds for centrifugal pump(114 cases),and 200 to 250 seconds for roller pump(3 cases) to avoid thrombotic events until decannulation was achieved. Results The mean ECMO duration was 61 hours (range 3 to 225 hours). 48(41.0% ) patients died, 18 of them died of complications after weaning from circulatory assistant successfully. Complications occurred in 74 (63.2% ) patients included reoperation for hemostasis (n = 24), renal failure requiring renal replacement therapy (n =29), nosocomial infections ( n = 32) , ischemia in the extremities(n = 5), plasma leakage of oxygenators ( n = 29), gastroenteral hemorrhage ( n = 14), hemolysis ( n = 7 ), neurological complications ( n = 4) and centrifugal pump failure (n =1). Conclusion Bleeding is an early complication associated with ECMO support. The risk of nosocomial infection, renal failure and plasma leakage of oxygenators increases with the duration of ECMO support.

Objective To investigate the clinical characteristics,distribution and drug sensitivity of pathogens causing intravenous catheter-related bloodstream infections (CRBSIs) in pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) so as to use antibiotics reasonably.Methods All patients with CRBSIs in PICU of Guangdong General Hospital from September 2009 to September 2014 were investigated and the drug resistance profiles of pathogens causing CRBSIs were also analyzed retrospectively.Results Between 2009 and 2014,there were totally 10 834 catheter days and 23 episodes of CRBSIs with an incidence of 2.1 infections per 1 000 catheter days.Catheter indwell time ＜ 7 days in 9 cases (39.1％),8 to 14 days in 10 cases (43.5％),14 to 21 days in 4 cases (17.4％).There were 13 strains (56.6％) of gram-positive bacteria,5 strains (21.7％) of gram-negative bacteria and 5 strains (21.7％) of fungi.The main pathogens causing CRBSIs were coagulase negative Staphylococci (7 strains,30.4％),Staphylococcus aureus (3 strains,13.0％),Candida albicans(3 strains,13.0％),Candida parapsilosis(2 strains,8.7％),and Enterobacter cloacae (2 strains,8.7 ％).The susceptibility to Vancomycin,Linezolid and Teicoplanin of coagulase negative Staphylococ cus such as S.epidermidis and to Imipenem,Piperacillin/Tazobactam,Cefoperazone/ Sulbactam and Amikacin of gram-positive bacteria arrived at 100.0％,respectively.The candida were 100％ susceptible to Amphotericin B,5-Flucytosine,Fluconazole and Voriconazole.Twenty-one cases (91.3％) received antibiotic treatment versus no antibiotic in 2 cases (8.7％).The average number of antibiotic kinds administered on the patients with fungal infection was 4.4,bacteria were 1.4.Ten cases (43.5％) treatment with 1 kind of antibiotic,4 cases (17.4％) with 2,4 cases (17.4％) with 3,5 cases (21.7％) with more than 3.Twenty-two cases (95.7％) cured and 1 case died (4.3％).Conclusions The major species of pathogen causing CRBSIs was coagulase negative staphylococci in PICU.It is critical for clinicians to guard against fungal infection because of prolonged catheter indwelling time and more antibiotics administered before indwelling catheter.It is effective way to prevent the CRBSIs by reasonably using antibiotics and shortening the time of catheter indwelling.Monitoring CRBSIs pathogenic bacteria distribution and drug susceptibility helps reasonable administration of antibiotics in the earlier time.

Objective To explore the verification methods for the performance of quantitative detection kit of anti-dsDNA antibodiy with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).Methods The precision was verified according to the EP15-A2 document approved by the American Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute(CLSI).The accuracy was verified by detecting the samples of previous external quality evaluation(EQA),compared with the comparative kits and recovery test.The lower limit of detection(LLD) was calculated by the results of blank samples.The cut-off value was verified according to the C28-A3C document approved by CLSI and CNAS-CL39:Guidance on the Application of Accreditation Criteria for the Medical Laboratory Quality and Competence in the Field of Clinical Qualitative Immunology respectively.The improved Doumas method was used to verify the range of linearity.Results The measured intra-assay and inter-assay coefficients of variation were lower than those announced by the manufacturer or the calculated values according to the EP15-A2 document.The coincidence rates for negative and positive EQA samples between detected and expected values were 98.4％ (63/64) and 100％ (20/20) respectively.The total coincidence rate was 98.8％ (83/84).The coincidence rate for negative and positive samples between the results from candidate and comparative kits were 91.2％ (52/57) and 87.0％ (40/46) respectively.The total coincidence rate was 89.3％ (92/103) and the Kappa value was 0.783 (P =0.062),which implied excellent consistency between the two kits.The mean recovery rate was 99.65％.The measured LLD was 0.5 IU/mL which was lower than 1 IU/mL as claimed by the manufacturer.The measured cut-off value according to the CNAS-CL39 document was 18.51 IU/mL,which was close to 20 IU/mL announced by the manufacturer.Based on the C28-A3C method,the cut-off value could be approved.The linear regression equation was Y =0.978 8X-3.125 4,r2 =0.996 1.There was no statistical difference between the intercept (-3.125 4) and 0 (t =-0.772,P =0.483).The range of linearity was from 1.6 to 212.5 IU/mL,which was consistent with the values declared by the manufacturer.All the verifications of the five performances above-mentioned could be passed.Conclusion The precision,accuracy,LLD,cut-off value and range of linearity of the candidate quantitative ELISA kit for anti-dsDNA antibody were consistent with the statement of the manufacturer,which indicated the performance of the kits may meet the requirements of clinic diagnosis and treatment.A series of methods used in this study provided a simple protocol for verifying the performance of quantitative ELISA kits.

Objective The technique of repetitive element-based polymerase chain reaction(rep-PCR)was used to track an epi- demic of nosocomial infection caused by Staphylococcus aureus in our hospital.Methods The 50 S.aureus isolates were identi fled by PHOENIX-100 automatic Microbiological Identification System.Oxacillin-salt-supplemented agar was used to screen methicillin-resistant S.aureus(MRSA)phenotype.The resistant gene mecA was tested by PCR.The technique of rep-PCR was applied to type S.aureus isolates.Results The mecA gene was identified in 22 of the 50 S.aureus isolates.Nineteen of the 22 strains were isolated from patients.Nine to eleven bands were observed in electrophoretic pattern of all the 50 S.aureus iso- lates by rep-PCR under the conditions of this study.These strains were accordingly classified into 11 different genotypes.Con- clusions The rep-PCR technique is a rapid,simple and reliable genotyping method.It is an ideal tool to track the source of noso- comial infections at molecular level.

Objective To evaluate the effect of comprehensive intervention measures on improving hand hygiene (HH)compliance of health care workers(HCWs)in intensive care units (ICUs)by multicenter study.Methods A total of 47 hospitals in 12 provinces and cities were enrolled in the study,from October 2013 to September 2014, HH compliance among HCWs in ICUs was investigated according to World Health Organization HH investigation method,HH compliance rates before and after intervention were compared.Results HH compliance rate of HCWs in ICUs increased from 73.70%(11 155/15 135)before intervention to 78.70%(18 206/23 132)after intervention (χ2 =128.16,P <0.01);except northeast region ,HH compliance of HCWs in the other provinces increased signif-icantly after intervention(all P <0.05);among all departments,HH compliance of HCWs in general ICUs,respira-tory ICUs,emergency ICUs,and surgical ICUs increased significantly(all P <0.05);HH compliance of HCWs of all kinds of occupations increased significantly(all P <0.05);HH compliance rates before touching a patient,before clean/aseptic procedure,after touching a patient,and after touching patient surroundings increased significantly after intervention(all P <0.01 ).Conclusion Comprehensive interventions are helpful for improving HH compliance of HCWs in ICUs. Objective To evaluate the effect of comprehensive intervention measures on improving hand hygiene (HH)compliance of health care workers(HCWs)in intensive care units (ICUs)by multicenter study.Methods A total of 47 hospitals in 12 provinces and cities were enrolled in the study,from October 2013 to September 2014, HH compliance among HCWs in ICUs was investigated according to World Health Organization HH investigation method,HH compliance rates before and after intervention were compared.Results HH compliance rate of HCWs in ICUs increased from 73.70%(11 155/15 135)before intervention to 78.70%(18 206/23 132)after intervention (χ2 =128.16,P <0.01);except northeast region ,HH compliance of HCWs in the other provinces increased signif-icantly after intervention(all P <0.05);among all departments,HH compliance of HCWs in general ICUs,respira-tory ICUs,emergency ICUs,and surgical ICUs increased significantly(all P <0.05);HH compliance of HCWs of all kinds of occupations increased significantly(all P <0.05);HH compliance rates before touching a patient,before clean/aseptic procedure,after touching a patient,and after touching patient surroundings increased significantly after intervention(all P <0.01 ).Conclusion Comprehensive interventions are helpful for improving HH compliance of HCWs in ICUs.

Objective To explore the value of UF-5000 urinary sediment analyzer in assistant examination of urinary tract infections by comparing the results of bacteria and white blood cells for UF-5000 with those of routine laboratory methods.Methods A total of 1 021 clean mid-stage urine samples suspected urinary tract infection were collected from the inpatients and outpatients of the Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital from October to December 2017.All specimens were detected by UF-5000 to evaluate the repeatability,linearity,carrying contamination rate,stability and efficiency of review flag by the instrument.Urine bacterial culture and clinical diagnosis were used as reference standards to calculate the coincidence rate of bacterial test results with purified bacteria,coincidence rate with bacterial culture,and agreement rate with cultured colonies.The urinary fungal culture and clinical diagnosis were used as reference standards to calculate the coincidence rate,sensitivity and specificity of the fungal test.Based on the results of bacterial culture and clinical diagnosis,UF-5000 was used to detect the efficacy of white blood cells and bacteria for the diagnosis of UTI.The results of UF-5000 detection,the results of urinary dry chemistry analyzer UC-3500,and the results of bacterial smear microscopy were compared with the results of urinary bacterial culture to determine the sensitivity,specificity and sensitivity of each method,and the coincidence rate of with the culture method.Statistical analysis was performed using variance analysis,Wilcoxon rank sum test,coincidence rate test (Kappa test),and receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC curve).Results UF-5000 was used to detect bacteria and white blood cells,UC-3500 was used to detect neutrophil esterase and nitrite with good repeatability,which met the EP5-A requirements;the linear relationship between bacteria was very good in the range of 0-10 000/ml,R=0.999;the contamination rate of UF-5000 was 0.00％ for bacteria,0.01％ for white blood cells.The rate of UC-3500 was qualified;the bacteria was stable for 2 hours at room temperature and 6 hours at 4 ℃,and the white blood cells were stable for 4 hours at room temperature and 4 hours at 4 ℃.Compared with UF-1000i,the review flag rate of UF-5000 reduced about 77.8％.The coincidence rate of detection and purification of UF-5000 bacteria was 100.0％(16/16),that of Gram-negative bacteria (G-) was 94.0％ (110/117),that of Gram-positive bacteria (G+) was 82.2％(37/45).The agreement rate of compared with bacterial colonies was 95.1％(216/227),and that of fungi culture was 77.1％ (749/972),that of sensitivity was 81.9％(118/144),and that of specificity was 76.2％(631/828).UF-5000,UC-3500,and bacterial smear microscopy showed that the ability of bacterial infection of urinary tract was compared with the results of traditional bacterial culture.The UF-5000 urinary tract infection flag (UTI) had the highest agreement rate,reaching 84.1％ (180/214).The sensitivity was 70.3％ (52/74),the specificity was 91.4％ (128/140);the coincidence rate of UC-3500 was 73.8％ (158/214),the sensitivity was 25.7％ (19/74),and the specificity was 99.3％ (139/140);the consistency of bacterial smear microscopy was 66.4％ (142/214),the sensitivity was 82.4％ (61/74),and the specificity was 57.9％ (81/140).Conclusion The total number of bacteria and white blood cell counted by UF-5000,the flag of bacterial and the UTI information,have partial clinical significance in the rapid detection of urinary tract infection.

Sepsis is a clinical syndrome caused by the host reaction disorder induced by infection, which leads to serious organ function damage. Sepsis is a serious disease with high mortality, which is the main reason of death caused by infection. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) is one of the most common genetic variants in human, and is closely related to the genetic susceptibility, early diagnosis, disease development and prognosis of sepsis. This article makes a review on the relationship between CD14, Toll like receptor (TLR), tumor necrosis factor (TNF), interleukins (IL-1 and IL-6), plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1), angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) and other gene polymorphisms and genetic susceptibility of sepsis, in order to affect in sepsis on the early prediction, diagnosis, and treatment.