Objective To investigate the relationship of alcohol exposure during pregnancy and non-compaction cardiomyopathy (NCC) in offspring mice.Methods Pregnant mice of ED3.5-ED18.5 were given 56％ alcohol by gavage at a dose of 5 mL/kg.The ED19.5 mice were sacrificed,and the heart of the fetal mice was harvested.Transmission electron microscopy (filaments,mitochondria and sarcoplasmic reticulum) and HE staining were used to verify the changes of structure and ultrastructure of the obtained myocardial tissues.Echocardiography was used to evaluate the cardiac function and ventricular myometrium of the offspring mice after growing up.Results Alcohol exposure during pregnancy caused the disorganized and dissolved myofilaments in the fetal mice.Some offspring mice (31.25％,5/16) had NCC.The ratio of non-compacted myocardium to compact myocardium at the end of systole (N/C) was 2.49 ± 0.6 in the offspring mice of the alcohol exposure group,significantly higher than that in the control offspring mice (0.62 ± 0.23,t =10.397,P =0.000).The volume of heart was decreased in the offspring mice of the alcohol exposure group while the left ventricule was enlarged.Echocardiography showed cardiac dysfunction and thickened ventricular septal/left ventricular posterior walls in the grown-up mice of the exposure group.Conclusion Large dose of alcohol exposure during pregnancy cause trabeculations and non-compaction in ventricular myocardium,and it might be one of causers for NCC in the offspring.

Objective To investigate pediatric hemoptysis recurrence related to vascular malforma-tions after transcatheter occlusion and offer suitable preventive actions for reducing the rate of hemoptysis recurrence.Methods The clinical data of 27 children,collected form Department of Cardiology,Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University between June 2012 and April 2017,with hemoptysis related to vascular malformations were retrospectively analyzed.The clinical manifestation,image feature and occlusion program of children with hemoptysis recurrence were re-analyzed and evaluated. Results All 27 children with hemoptysis received transcatheter occlusion, whose vascular malformations included bronchial-pulmonary artery fistula (24 cases,88.9%) and pulmonary arteriovenous fistulas (3 cases,11.1%) by angiography. Six cases,approximately 26.1%,suffered from recurrent hemoptysis after therapy,and the interval time of hemoptysis recurrence was roughly (5.6 ± 2.3)months.It indicated mycoplasma pneumonia infection in all children with hemoptysis recurrence, and re-angiography showed that more abnormal vessels were found, other minor vessels except for vessels occluded grew thick and large,vessels except for vessels occluded were recanalization in children with recurrent hemoptysis.Conclusion Recurrence is the common complication of hemoptysis related to vascular malformations in children,and bronchial-pulmonary artery fistula is the most common type with hemoptysis recurrence. The main causes of hemoptysis recurrence include mycoplasma pneumonia infection,vessels without occlusion enlargement and recanalization.

Objectives To explore the clinical characteristics and prognosis of different degrees of noncompaction of ventricular myocardium (NVM) in children and to investigate the clinical significance of the ratio of the thickness of the non-compact myocardium to the dense myocardium (N/C). Methods The clinical data of the children with NVM were analyzed retrospectively. The differences between children with N/C > 2.0 and children with N/C 1.4~2.0 were compared. Results There were 26 children in each of the two groups. There was no significant difference in age, sex, the ratios of low birth weight and malnutrition, heart disease, and complication (P all > 0.05). When discharged, 8 cases were improved, 15 cases has no obvious improvement, and 3 cases died in N/C>2.0 group; while 18 cases were improved, 8 cases has no obvious improvement, and none died in N/C 1.4~2.0 group, and the effective rate of treatment between two groups was statistically difference (χ2=7.69,P=0.006). In 8 years of follow-up, the mortality rate in N/C > 2.0 group was higher than that in N/C 1.4~2.0 group, and the difference was statistically different (χ2=6.993, P=0.008). Conclusions The treatment efficiency was lower and the prognosis was worse when the N/C value was higher in children with NVM.

Hemoptysis in childhood is a common clinical manifestation whose severity depends on the rate at which hemoptysis occurs and the degree of bleeding.Hemoptysis occurs for a variety of reasons,among which hemopty-sis correlated with vessels is one of the factors.Although the incidence rate is not common,it is mostly the first cause of hemoptysis.Hemoptysis correlated with vessels exit a relatively backward diagnosis in clinical which due to the gradual process of the diagnosis,and its treatment and prognosis of the disease depends on the type,number,morphology of ab-normal vessels and degree of bleeding.It is important to earlier recognize hemoptysis correlated with vessels,develop a standardized diagnostic procedure,setup appropriate treatment plans and timing for medical staff so as to improve the diagnosis and treatment of the disease and reduce the incidence of complications and hemoptysis recurrence rate.

Congenital heart diseases of diminutive pulmonary blood are characterized by the decrease of pulmonary blood flow accompanied with pulmonary stenosis or atresia.Diminutive pulmonary blood leads to abnormal development of lung, the formation of major aorta pulmonary collateral arteries (MAPCAs) and a complex cardiac anatomy structure in children, thereby resulting in serious clinical symptoms, poor quality of life and even life-threatening conditions.Therefore, diminutive pulmonary blood is a thorny problem in the treatment of cardiac malformation.However, the etiology and pathogenesis of this disease have not been elucidated yet.The clinical treatment plan and time depend on the disease type and MAPCAs.In this paper, the etiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment progress of congenital heart diseases of diminutive pulmonary blood were reviewed.

Kawasaki disease is an acute febrile systemic vasculitis of unknown etiology that mainly occurs in children under 5 years of age.Coronary artery lesions caused by Kawasaki disease has become one of the common acquired cardiovascular diseases in childhood.The degree of coronary artery lesions determines the prognosis and follow-up management of Kawasaki disease.The use of anticoagulant and antiplatelet drugs is the basis for the treatment of coronary artery disease in Kawasaki disease, while non-pharmacological treatment is another treatment for severe coronary artery lesions and ineffective drug therapy.This paper reviews the research progress of non-pharmacological treatment for coronary artery lesions of Kawasaki disease, providing new ideas for comprehensive and alternative treatment of the disease.