Objective To investigate the effects of different concentrations of propofol on anoxia / reoxygenation injury to primary cultured rat hippocampal neurons. Methods Newborn (

Objective To investigate the protective effects of pharmacological preconditioning with diazoxide, an ATP-sensitive potassium channel opener, against anoxia/reoxygenation (A/R) injury to primarily cultured hippocampal neurons of newborn Wistar rats and the mechanism involved and the effects of diazoxide preconditioning on A/R-induced neuronal apoptosis. Methods Primarily cultured hippocampal neurons prepared by enzymatic digestion of hippocampus isolated from newborn (

Objective: This trial was designed to study the profile of the pharmacokinetics of desflurane in balance anesthesia. Method:Forty ASA physical status Ⅰ and Ⅱ patients undergoing abdominal surgery were admitted to this study. All patients were anesthetized with balance anesthesia technique,which received delivered concentration(FD)of 6% desflurane in a fresh gas(O_2: N_2O=1:2)inflow of 3L/min until end-tidal target concentration(FA)of 3% des flurane was obtained, then the FD was adjusted to maintain the target concentration, 30 min later the inflow was decreased to 1.5L/min. As well as nitrous oxide,oxygen and carbon dioxide concentrations were measured at the common gas outlet and the endotracheal tube connector respectively. At same time fentanyl and atracurium were given as necessary. The SpO_2,BP,and HR were also measured. We observed the time of target concentration reached during wash-in period, and also the time of FA: FAO = 1/2 during wash-out period at the end of operation. Result: During the first 30 min of 3L/min flow administration,the target concentration was obtained at 2.9 min,and was kept stable during the whole procedure,even during low flow(1.5L/min)it was not required to increase the FD to maintain FA at the target concentration. The wash-out time of FA:FAO= 1/2 was 2.0 min from stopping adminstration. The time of spontaneous breath recovery, open eye, extubation.reciting of name and birthday and discharge from recovery room was 6, 5.8.6,9.0,12.0 and 30 min respectively. The parameters of cardiac function were stable during operation. Con clusion: During the balance anesthesia with desflurane.even at relative low flow.the FD of desflurane provides a reasortable surrogate of FI and FA. The lower solubility of desflurane favors its safe use in low-flow technique.and the anesthesia depth can be controlled more easy.

Objective: To investigate perioperative changes of gastrointramucosal pH (pHi) in major operative patients. Method: Six patients underwent major abdominopelvie operation with radial artery and internal jugular vein catheters, and nasogastric tonometries in place. The phi and hemodynamic, oxygen, and metabolic variables were measured simutaneously before anesthesia, 30 minutes after anesthetic induction, during intraoperation, at the end of operation, and the first 24 hours postoperatively. Result: There was significant decrease in mean pHi(P

0.05). Conclusion:The effect of intravenous vecuronium made in Xianju Pharmaceutical Co. for neuromuscular blockade is definite and safe.

Objective To compare the efficacy and safety of anesthetizing patients with propofol-remifentanil given by TCI targeting effect-site vs plasma. Methods Forty-four ASA Ⅰ - Ⅱ patients aged 20 -65 yr undergoing laparascopic cholecystectomy were randomly divided into two groups : group P targeting plasma concentration (n = 22) and group E targeting effect-site concentration ( n - 22) . The patients were given midazolam 1 mg and scopolamine 0.3 nig i. v. in the operating room before anesthesia. Auditory evoked potential, BP, HR and SpO2 monitoring were started before induction of anesthesia. Anesthesia was induced with propofol and remifentanil given by TCL using two Graseby 3500 infusion pumps. The target concentration of propofol was set at 4 ?g ? ml-1 and remifentanii at 2 ng ? ml -1 . Remifentanil infusion was started 2 min before propofol infusion. When the patients lost consciousness (no response to patting and request for eye-opening), succinylcholine 2 mg?kg-1 was given i. v. to facilitate intubation. Intubation score was assessed. The time required for loss of consciousness after TCI of propofol was started (TLOC), the amount of propofol and remifentanil infused and auditory evoked potential index (AAIs) when the patients lost consciousness were recorded. The patients were mechanically ventilated (VT 8-10 ml, RR 10 bpm) and PETCO2 was maintained at 30-40 mm Hg. Anesthesia was maintained with N2O inhalation, TCI of propofol - remifentanil and intermittent i.v. boluses of vecuronium. Propofol -remifentanil target concentrations were titrated against AAIs value below 20 during maintenance of anesthesia. At the end of operation quality of anesthesia was evaluated. The total amount of propofol and remifentanil consumed were recorded. Aldrate post anesthetic recovery score and postoperative pain score were also assessed. Results TLOC was significantly shorter in group E [(0.45 ?0.1) min] than that in group P (0.86 ? 0.3 min) ( P

Objective To compare the effects of desflurane, enflurane and isoflurane on onset time,duration of action and recovery time of pipecuronium. Methods Thirty ASA Ⅰ-Ⅱ patients aged 18-60yr weighing40-80 kg were randomly divided into 3 groups: (1) desflurane group (n = 10); (2) enflurane group(n = 10) and(3) isoflurane group (n = 10). The patients were premedicated with intramuscular pethidine 1 mg?kg~(-1) andatropine 0 .01 mg?kg. Anesthesia was induced with midazolam 0. 03 mg?kg~(-1), propofol 0.5-1 .0 mg?kg~(-1)andfentanyl 2?g?kg~(-1) .When the patients fell asleep neuromuscular function was monitored by accelerography usingTOF stimulation. Pipecuronium 0.045 mg?kg~(-1) was given i. v. as soon as T_1 was 100 % blocked (T_1= 0), anotherdose of propofol was given, making the total dose of propofol amount to 2.5 mg' kg?kg~(-1).Tracheal intubation wasperformed. The patients were mechanically ventilated and P_(ET) CO_2 was maintained at 35-45 mm Hg. Desflurane oreaflurane or isoflurane was inhaled with N_2O-O_2(2: 1) .The end-tidal desflurane, enflurane or isofluraneconcentration was maintained at 0. 65 MAC(desflurane= 3. 9 %, enflurane = 1. 1 %, isoflurane = 0. 75 % ). Duringoperation when deeper anesthesia was needed intermittent i. v. blouses of fentanyl were given. The onset time, thetime needed for T_1 to return to 5 %, 10 %,25 %, 50 %,75 % of control and recovery index were recouled andcompared among the three groups.Results The demographic data including age, weight, sex and types ofoperation were not significantly different among the 3 groups. Three were no significant differences in onset time,recovery time (time for T_1 to return to 5 %, 10 %,25 %,50 % and 75 % of control) and recovery index amongthe 3 groups. Conclusion Desflurane can prolong the duration of action and recovery time of pipecuronium justlike enflurane and isoflurane but there were no significant differences among the 3 groups.

Objective To investigate the effect of artifictal circadian rhythm of melatonin on the postoperative cellular immune function in patients undergoing gynecological operation Methods Eighteen ASA Ⅰ or Ⅱ patients,aged 25-50 yr,weighing 45-80 kg,scheduled for elective gynecological operation,were randomly divided into 3 groups (n =6 each):control group (group C),placebo control group (group P) and melatonin group (group M).In group M.melatonin 6 mg was given orally at 10 min before lights-out (21:00) on 1 day before operation,on the day of operation and on 1 day after operation,while placebo was given orally instead of melatonin in group P.The operation was performed under epidural anesthesia.Patient-controlled epidural analgesia with ropivacaine was used for postoperative analgesia.VAS score was maintained ＜ 5.Blood samples were collected from the peripheral vein at 1 day before operation (baseline),the end of operation and 1 day after operation to measure CD4+,CD8+ and CD3+ cell count by flow cytometry.The ratio of the number of CD4+ cells to the number of CD8+ cells was calculated.Results There were no significant differences in the number of CD4+,CD8+ and CD3 + cells and ratio of the number of CD4 + cells to the number of CD8 + cells between groups C,P and M (P ＞0.05).Conclusion Artificial circadian rhythm of melatonin exerts no influence on the postoperative cellular immune function in patients undergoing gynecological operation.

Objective To assess the accuracy of cerebral oxygenation measured by near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) in predicting ischemic cerebral injury in patients undergoing cardiac valve replacement under cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). Methods Seventeen patients undergoing cardiac valve replacement under CPB were enrolled in this study. During operation, NIRS was used to measure regional oxygen saturation (rScO2),tissue hemoglobin index ( THI ), changes in concentrations of oxyhemoglobin (△ O2 Hb ), deoxyhemoglobin (△ HHb) and total hemoglobin (△ cHb) of the frontal lobes. The parameters mentioned above and patients whose minimal rScO2 decreased to less than 50% were recorded after entering the operation room, immediately after tracheal intubation, aortic cannulation and superior and inferior vena cava cannula, at the beginning of CPB, at the lowest temperature during CPB, after rewarming to 36.5 ℃, immediately after termination of CPB, and at 1 h after termination of CPB. Blood samples were taken from right internal jugular vein immediately before anesthesia induction, before rewarming, after rewarming to 36.5 C, and at 1, 5 and 20 h after termination of CPB to detect plasma concentrations of S100 protein and neuron-specific enolase (NSE) by ELISA. The cognitive function of patients was assessed 1 day before surgery and 8 days after surgery, and postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) was recorded. Results Nine patients presented with minimal rScO2 less than 50%. Among them,7 patients developed POCD. The plasma concentrations of S100 protein and NSE were significantly higher at 1 and 5 h after termination of CPB in patients whose minimal rScO2 decreased to ≤ 50% than in those whose rScO2 ＞50% .Conclusion Cerebral oxygenation measured by NIRS can accurately predict cerebral ischemic injury in patients undergoing cardiac valve replacement under CPB.

Objective To evaluate the effects of magnesium sulphate on the efficacy of postoperative patient-controlled intravenous analgesia (PCIA) with morphine. Methods Sixty ASA Ⅰ or Ⅱ patients of both sexes aged 45-60 yr weighing 48-70 kg scheduled for elective upper abdominal surgery were randomly allocated into 2 groups ( n = 30 each) : morphine group (group M) and magnesium sulphate-morphine group (group MS) . If the VAS score=3, PCIA was started. Patients in group M received morphine in a 0.015 mg/kg bolus dose. Patients in group MS received morphine 0.015 mg/kg and magnesium sulphate 0.9 mg/kg. The consumption of analgesic drugs was recorded at 4, 8, 16, 24 and 48 h after 1st attempt. The gastrointestinal function recovery time was recorded. Venous blood samples were taken before anesthesia induction and at the end of operation and analgesia to determine the serum magnesium and calcium ion concentrations. Results Compared with group M, the consumption of analgesic drugs was significantly decreased, and the gastrointestinal function recovery time after operation was significantly shortened in group MS (P < 0.05). The serum magnesium ion concentration in both groups was significantly lower at the end of operation and analgesia than before anesthesia induction ( P < 0.05) . The serum magnesium ion concentration in group MS was significantly higher at the end of analgesia than at the end of operation ( P <0.05) .There was no significant difference in the serum calcium ion concentration between M and MS groups. Conclusion Magnesium sulphate can ameliorate the efficacy of postoperative PCIA with morphine.