Professor establishes "scalp acupuncture line" guided by the scalp acupuncture points of international standardization and traditional meridian theory, which can be used to treat tic disorder. With a case, professor 's needling experience for tic disorder is introduced in detail and summarized in order to provide reference for the treatment of the disease.
Acupuncture Therapy ; Humans ; Meridians ; Tic Disorders ; therapy

Tic disorders (TD) are a group of neurodevelopmental disorders that are characterized by motor and/or vocal tics in children and adolescents. The etiology and pathogenesis of TD remain unclear, and it is believed to be caused by a combination of genetic, biological, psychological, and environmental factors. The major treatment for TD includes psychoeducation, behavioral intervention, and drug treatment. To further explore the management of TD, this article reviews the research advances in psychoeducation and behavioral intervention for patients with TD.
Adolescent ; Behavior Therapy ; Child ; Humans ; Tic Disorders ; Tourette Syndrome

Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity ; Child ; Comorbidity ; Humans ; Tic Disorders/therapy*

OBJECTIVETo observe the clinical efficacy on tic disorders (TD) treated with local acupuncture.

METHODSThe entire data of 196 cases, of which, 114 cases in acupuncture group were treated mainly with local acupuncture and 82 cases in western medication group were taken Tiapride tablets orally. YGTSS method was adopted for scoring and assessing the clinical efficacy.

RESULTSThe apparent improvement was achieved in YGTSS motor tic score in two groups. The markedly effective rates were 90.4% and 84.2% in acupuncture group and western medication group, respectively (P < 0.05), without significant difference in statistics. The effective rates of transient tic disorder (TTD) in acupuncture group and western medication group were 100.0% and 83.3%, respectively (P < 0.05), which indicated that the efficacy of acupuncture on TTD was advantageous to medical therapy. The effective rates of three kinds of TD in acupuncture group were 100.0%, 88.2% and 84.2% separately, of which, the efficacy of acupuncture on TTD was advantageous as compared with that on chronic tic disorder (CTD) and Toureett's syndrome (TS) (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONThe overall efficacy on TD is similar between acupuncture and medical therapy, but the clinical efficacy of acupuncture on TTD is superior to medical therapy. Meanwhile, the efficacy of acupuncture on TTD is advantageous to that on CTD and TS. Hence, the intervention at early time can achieve satisfactory efficacy and probably prevent from CTD or TS.

Acupuncture Points ; Acupuncture Therapy ; Adolescent ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Tic Disorders ; therapy

The paper introduces the clinical experience of GAO Hong in treatment of tic disorder. GAO Hong believes that tic disorder results from the primary qi deficiency and mind disturbance. Acupuncture for cultivating the primary and regulating the mind is proposed specially for tic disorder. This acupuncture technique focuses on harmonizing and regulating governor vessel and conception vessel. In clinical practice, the conception vessel acupoints on the abdomen and the governor vessel acupoints on the head are selected particularly, e.g. Zhongwan (CV 12), Xiawan (CV 10), Qihai (CV 6) and Guanyuan (CV 4) on the abdomen; Baihui (GV 20), Shenting (GV 24), Benshen (GB 13) and Yintang (GV 24⁺) on the head. The needling sequence and the insertion depth are emphasized, which affect the curative effect and GV 20 is generally punctured first. Besides, considering to the type of disorder and the affected site, tic disorder is treated in view of both syndrome/pattern differentiation and symptom differentiation.
Abdominal Cavity ; Acupuncture Points ; Acupuncture Therapy/methods* ; Humans ; Tic Disorders/therapy*

Tic disorders, including Tourette syndrome, are known as neurobiologic disorders and as such, much emphasis has been placed on isolating genetic determinants. Although previous reports involving studies of discordance among monozygotic twins have shown the importance of genetic predisposition, they have also supported a role for environmental factors in the development of tic disorders. Therefore, it is important to consider that both genetic and environmental factors contribute to their clinical expression. The goal of this article was to review recent reports regarding the role of environmental factors in development and progression of tics. Specific environmental factors associated either with a more severe course of illness or improved outcomes were discussed. Given that accumulating evidence had suggested the usefulness of behavior therapies in the suppression of tic disorders, particular emphasis was placed on the impact of several contextual factors.
Behavior Therapy ; Genetic Predisposition to Disease ; Humans ; Risk Factors ; Tic Disorders ; Tics ; Tourette Syndrome ; Twins, Monozygotic

Tic disorder is a childhood neuropsychological disorder which has the characteristics of abrupt, involuntary, and repetitive stereotyped muscle movement or voice. Tourette's disorder shows a chronic prognosis, and can last for life if no medical treatment is applied. Though the tic disorder has been known for a long time, the underlying cause is still not well known. Psychotropic drugs have long been used for the tic disorder or Tourette's disorder, but few clinical studies were carried out. However, the European Society for the Study of Tourette's syndrome recently reported the clinical guideline of Tourette's syndrome and other tic disorders based on the research findings obtained so far. Also, the guideline for the evidence-based treatment was reported in Canada, and North America. By synthesizing the newly reported foreign guidelines for treatment and review articles, this study aims to investigate the psychotropic drug therapy used for the tic disorder or Tourette's disorder.
Canada ; Drug Therapy* ; Muscles ; North America ; Prognosis ; Psychotropic Drugs ; Tic Disorders ; Tourette Syndrome* ; Voice

OBJECTIVETo evaluate the clinical efficacy and safety of aripiprazole in the treatment of childhood tic disorders (TD) by a meta analysis.

METHODSA systematic search for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on the efficacy and safety of aripiprazole in the treatment of childhood TD that were published between January 2000 and August 2014 was conducted. A Meta analysis on the selected RCTs was conducted using Review Manager 5.2 software.

RESULTSSix RCTs involving 551 TD patients were enrolled. There were no significant differences in the efficacy between aripiprazole and traditional drugs for treatment of TD either by the end of follow-up visit or at 2 weeks, 4 weeks and 8 weeks after treatment. The subgroup analysis results indicated that aripiprazole had the same efficacy for the treatment of TD as traditional drug haloperidol. Aripiprazole had a lower incidence of extrapyramidal reactions than haloperidol (P<0.05), but the overall incidence of side effects of aripiprazole was not lower than traditional drugs for treatment of TD.

CONCLUSIONSThe available evidence suggests that aripiprazole has the same curative effect in the treatment of childhood TD compared with the traditional drugs. However, it is difficult to draw a firm conclusion that aripiprazole is a safer drug in the treatment of childhood TD.

Antipsychotic Agents ; therapeutic use ; Aripiprazole ; adverse effects ; therapeutic use ; Humans ; Tic Disorders ; drug therapy

OBJECTIVE: To observe the effect of acupuncture combined with infantile tuina on intestinal flora and its efficacy in children with tic disorders (TD), and to explore its mechanism. METHODS: A total of 15 children with TD were recruited as an observation group and 10 healthy children as a healthy control group. Regulating spleen and stomach acupuncture combined with infantile tuina were received in the observation group. First, acupuncture was applied to Zhongwan (CV 12), Tianshu (ST 25), Guanyuan (CV 4), Hegu (LI 4), Zusanli (ST 36), etc., and then abdominal massage and other tuina techniques were applied, once a day, 6 times a week, 2 weeks as a course of treatment, a total of 2 courses of treatment were required. No intervention was given in the healthy control group. In the observation group, Yale global tic severity scale (YGTSS) score and TCM syndrome score were compared before treatment and after 1 and 2 courses of treatment. 16S rRNA sequencing technology was used to detect the intestinal flora in the healthy control group and before and after treatment in the observation group. RESULTS: After 1 and 2 courses of treatment, the scores of YGTSS and TCM syndrome in the observation group were lower than those before treatment (P<0.01, P<0.05). Compared with the healthy control group, the number of operational taxonomic units (OTU) and indexes of Chao1, Sobs, Ace and Shannon were decreased in the observation group before treatment (P<0.05, P<0.01). Compared with before treatment, the number of OTU and indexes of Chao1, Sobs, Ace and Shannon were increased in the observation group after treatment (P<0.01, P<0.05). Compared with the healthy control group, the relative abundance of Firmicutes in the observation group before treatment was decreased (P<0.001), while the relative abundance of Bacteroidetes, Bacteroides and Erysipelatoclostridium was increased (P<0.001, P<0.05). Compared with before treatment, the relative abundance of Bacteroidetes in the observation group was decreased (P<0.001) after treatment, while the relative abundance of Actinobacteria, Bifidobacterium and Atopobium was increased (P<0.05, P<0.01). CONCLUSION Acupuncture combined with infantile tuina based on the principle of regulating spleen and stomach could effectively improve TD symptoms in children, which may be related to regulating the diversity of intestinal flora, increasing beneficial bacteria, maintaining intestinal microecological balance, and playing a role in improving neurological disorders.
Child ; Humans ; Gastrointestinal Microbiome ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S ; Acupuncture Therapy ; Spleen ; Tic Disorders

OBJECTIVES: To observe the clinical efficacy of acupoint thread-embedding for children with tic disorders of spleen deficiency and liver hyperactivity and its effect on serum level of neuron-specific enolase (NSE). METHODS: A total of 68 children with tic disorders of spleen deficiency and liver hyperactivity were randomized into an observation group (34 cases, 1 case dropped out) and a control group (34 cases, 3 cases dropped out, 1 case was eliminated). In the observation group, acupoint thread-embedding was applied at Baihui (GV 20) and bilateral Hegu (LI 4), Taichong (LR 3), Pishu (BL 20), Ganshu (BL 18), Quchi (LI 11), Zusanli (ST 36),etc., once every 4 weeks. In the control group, tiapride hydrochloride tablet was given orally, twice a day. Both groups were treated for 12 weeks. Before and after treatment, the Yale global tic severity scale (YGTSS) score and serum level of NSE were observed in the two groups, and the clinical efficacy was evaluated. RESULTS: After treatment, except for vocal tic score of YGTSS in the control group, the each-item scores and total scores of YGTSS and serum levels of NSE in the two groups were decreased compared with those before treatment (P<0.05); the each-item scores and total score of YGTSS and serum level of NSE in the observation group were lower than those in the control group (P<0.05). The total effective rate in the observation group was 87.9% (29/33), which was higher than 76.7% (23/30) in the control group (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS Acupoint thread-embedding has a good effect in the treatment of children with tic disorders of spleen deficiency and liver hyperactivity, could reduce the YGTSS score and serum level of NSE.
Humans ; Child ; Spleen ; Acupuncture Points ; Liver ; Tic Disorders/therapy* ; Phosphopyruvate Hydratase