Microglia are the main innate immune cells in the central nervous system, which play a variety of roles in the development of the central nervous system and the occurrence of diseases. Recent studies have found that microglia play an important role in the occurrence and development of vascular cognitive impairment (VCI), which can lead to cognitive decline by activating neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and destroying the blood-brain barrier. This article reviews the role of microglia in the pathophysiology of VCI, aiming to provide a new basis for targeting microglia to treat VCI.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the value of copy number variation sequencing (CNV-seq) and karyotyping in the prenatal diagnosis for carriers of balanced translocations. METHODS: Clinical records of 135 amniocentesis samples of balanced translocation carriers undergoing simultaneous CNV-seq and karyotyping were analyzed. Chromosomal aberrations were defined as those can definitely lead to birth defects definitely, which included chromosomal numerical abnormality, large deletion/duplication and pathogenic copy number variations (pCNVs). RESULTS: The detection rates for karyotyping and CNV-seq were 4.44% (6/135) and 5.93% (8/135) respectively, and the latter had a detection rate of 1.48(2/135) higher than the former. A total of 68 fetal chromosomal translocations were detected by karyotying analysis. CONCLUSION For couples carrying a balanced translocation, simultaneous CNV-seq and karyotyping is conducive to the detection of fetal chromosomal abnormalities and genetic counseling.
Chromosome Aberrations ; Chromosome Disorders/genetics* ; DNA Copy Number Variations ; Female ; Humans ; Karyotyping ; Pregnancy ; Prenatal Diagnosis ; Translocation, Genetic

The information era has witnessed an unprecedented high speed of knowledge dissemi-nation. Mobile learning based on smartphone is ubiquitous and commonly used. It has potential to revolu-tionize anesthesia education and medical practice. This article focuses on the domestic smartphone applica-tions (APP) related to anesthesiology and has a detailed review including academic forums, anesthesia knowledge, common medical knowledge, anatomy, literature management, medical English and medicine application. In addition, the advantages and disadvantages of APP and mobile learning in continuing medi-cal education are well discussed. We try to provide a reference for those who need to choose and use APP for their anesthesia continuing education.

BACKGROUND:The displacement change parameters of the bone structure of the first metatarsal bone at the two-dimensional level of hallux valgus deformity are of great significance for clinical diagnosis and treatment,while the quantitative analysis of the three-dimensional deformity index may have some influences on the postoperative efficacy. OBJECTIVE:To explore the quantitative change of the three-dimensional deformity index of the first metatarsal bone after routine osteotomy and orthosis for hallux valgus deformity and to provide reference for clinical work. METHODS:100 patients with hallux valgus deformity(foot)in Hengshui People's Hospital from October 2020 to April 2023 were selected and all of them underwent conventional osteotomy and orthosis.Foot function was assessed by the American Orthopedic Foot and Ankle Society Ankle-Hindfoot Scale 6 months after surgery.Anterolateral X-rays of the foot in weight-bearing position and CT images in simulated weight-bearing position were taken before surgery and 6 months after surgery.The three-dimensional deformity indexes of the first metatarsal bone before and after surgery were quantitatively analyzed in patients with different ages,genders and therapeutic effects,including first-second intermetatarsal angle,hallux valgus angle,distal metatarsal articular angle,tibial sesamaid position,and first metatarsal rotation α angle.The value of the difference of three-dimensional deformity indexes of the first metatarsal bone before and after operation in evaluating the curative effect was analyzed. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:(1)Six months after operation,the American Orthopedic Foot and Ankle Society score was 75-98(88.25±4.14)points,among which 56 cases were excellent,28 cases were good,14 cases were average,and 2 cases were poor.The excellent and good rate was 84%(84/100).(2)Compared with the preoperative results,first-second intermetatarsal angle,hallux valgus angle,distal metatarsal articular angle,tibial sesamaid position,and first metatarsal rotation α angle were significantly improved in patients of different ages and genders 6 months after surgery(P<0.05).First-second intermetatarsal angle,hallux valgus angle,distal metatarsal articular angle,tibial sesamaid position,and first metatarsal rotation α angle were all lower in patients with good curative effect 6 months after surgery than those with poor curative effect,and the difference before and after surgery was greater than those with poor curative effect(P<0.05).(3)The area under the curve of the difference evaluation of the first metatarsal three-dimensional deformity index before and after surgery was above 0.7,and the area under the curve of the combined evaluation of all indexes was the largest(0.902),which was significantly greater than the first metatarsal rotation α angle and distal metatarsal articular angle(P<0.05).(4)The quantitative analysis of the three-dimensional deformity index of the first metatarsal in patients with hallux valgus deformity is related to the postoperative effect,which has important guiding significance for improving the accuracy and comprehensiveness of preoperative evaluation and improving the treatment plan.

Objective:To investigate the changes in the hypothalamic metabolites of lipopolysaccharide(LPS)febrile young rabbits after the treatment with pediatric tuina.Methods:A total of 30 young rabbits were randomly assigned into three groups:the normal group,the model group,and the tuina group.Both the model group and the tuina group were injected intrave-nously with LPS."Six antipyretic manipulations"(pushing Tianmen,pushing Kangong,kneading Taiyang,kneading Erhougaogu,clearing Tianheshui,and pushing Jizhu)were administered 1 h after the LPS in-jection in the tuina group.The rectal temperatures of the young rabbits were monitored during the experiment to explore the antipyretic effect.Three hours after the injection,the content of interleukin-1 β(IL-1β),tumor necrosis factor(TNF)-α,and prostaglandin E2(PGE2)in the serum was detected.In addition,liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry(LC-MS)was used for the hypothalamus metabolomics.Results:Compared with the model group,the rectal temperature of the tuina group was decreased at 2 h and 3 h after the LPS injection(P=.04,P=.03,respectively),and the content of IL-1β,TNF-α,and PGE2 was decreased(P=.03,P=.003,and P=.008,respectively).The metabolomics results showed that there were 23 potential biomarkers after the tuina intervention,enriching 27 pathways.Lipid metabolites,especially glycerophospholipids,were a majority of the altered metabolites.The primary metabolic pathways affected by tuina included the arachidonic acid metabolism,the GABAergic synapse,D-gluta-mine and D-glutamate metabolism,and the glutamatergic synapse.Conclusion:Pediatric tuina reduced the temperature of the febrile rabbits and downregulated the expression of IL-1β,TNF-α,and PGE2,and the antipyretic mechanism may be related to changes in metabolites and metabolic pathways in the hypothalamus.

Objective By observing the effects of"three methods and three points"tuina technique on the expression of interleukin-17F(IL-17F),interleukin-17 receptor C(IL-17RC),activator 1 of nuclear transcription factor-κB(Act1),tumour necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6(TRAF6)and M1 microglial cell expression in the spinal dorsal horn of rats with mild chronic compressive injury(minor CCI)model,we explored the immediate analgesic mechanism of tuina on peripheral neuropathic pain(pNP).Methods Thirty-six SD rats were divided into the sham group,the model group and the tuina group according to the random number method,twelve rats in each group,and the minor CCI model was replicated by ligating the right sciatic nerve.The rats in the tuina group were subjected to pointing,plucking and kneading at the BL37,BL57 and GB34 points on the affected side using a tuina simulator,while the sham group and the model group were only grasped and restrained,and were intervened for one time.The mechanical pain test and cold plate test were used to evaluate the response of rats to mechanical stimulation and cold stimulation after immediate intervention.The protein expression of IL-17F and TRAF6 in the spinal dorsal horn of rats in each group was detected by Western blotting.The mRNA expression of IL-17F,IL-17RC,Act1 and TRAF6 in the spinal dorsal horn of rats in each group was detected by real-time PCR.The average fluorescence intensity of M1 microglia in the spinal dorsal horn of rats in each group was detected by immunofluorescence.Results Behavioral results showed that before intervention,compared with the sham group,paw mechanical withdraw threshold(PMWT)decreased and cold sensitivity threshold(CST)increased in the model group and the tuina group;after tuina intervention,PMWT in the tuina group was increased,and CST was decreased compared with the model group;after intervention,PMWT in the tuina group was increased,while CST was decreased(P＜0.05).RT-PCR results showed that compared with the sham group,mRNA expression levels of IL-17F,IL-17RC,TRAF6 and Act1 in the spinal dorsal horn of the model group were increased;compared with model group,the mRNA expression levels of above indexes in the tuina group were decreased(P＜0.05).Western boltting results showed that compared with the sham group,the expression levels of IL-17F and TRAF6 protein in the spinal dorsal horn of the model group were increased;compared with the model group,the expression levels of IL-17F and TRAF6 protein in the tuina group decreased(P＜O.05).Immunofluorescence results showed that the mean fluorescence intensity of CD40 in the spinal dorsal horn of model group was enhanced compared with the sham group;compared with the model group,the mean fluorescence intensity of CD40 in the tuina group was decreased(P＜0.05).Conclusion The"three methods and three points"tuina technique can produce immediate analgesia by inhibiting the expression of IL-17F,IL-17RC,Act1,TRAF6 and the activation of M1 microglia in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord after one intervention.

Rats ; Animals ; Sciatic Neuropathy ; Muscle, Skeletal ; Sciatic Nerve/physiology* ; Sequence Analysis, RNA ; Nerve Regeneration/physiology*

Sterol C24-methyltransferase (SMT) plays multiple important roles in plant growth and development. SMT1, which belongs to the family of transferases and transforms cycloartenol into 24-methylene cycloartenol, is involved in the biosynthesis of 24-methyl sterols. Here, we report the cloning and characterization of a cDNA encoding a sterol C24-methyltransferase from().(GenBank access number KU885950) is a 1530 bp cDNA with a 1041 bp open reading frame predicted to encode a 346-amino acid, 38.62 kDa protein. The polypeptide encoded by thecDNA was expressed and purified as a recombinant protein from() and showed SMT activity. The expression ofwas highly up-regulated incell suspension cultures treated with methyl jasmonate (MeJA). Tissue expression pattern analysis showed higher expression in the phellem layer compared to the other four organs (leaf, stem, xylem and phloem), which is about ten times that of the lowest expression in leaf. The results are meaningful for the study of sterol biosynthesis ofand will further lay the foundations for the research in regulating both the content of other main compounds and growth and development of