Objective To explore the efficiency of prophylactic intravesical chemotherapy after nephroureterectomy for primary upper tract urothelial carcinoma.Methods Forty-seven patients with primary upper tract urothelial carcinoma who underwent nephroureterectomy were retrospectively analyzed.There were 25 male and 22 female patients with mean age of 68 years.Patients were divided into intravesical chemotherapy group (n =32) and non-intravesical chemotherapy group (n =15).In the intravesical chemotherapy group, there were 14 male and 18 female patients with mean age of 70.3 years;20 cases located at left side while 12 at the right side.In non-intravesical chemotherapy group, There were 11 male and 4 female patients with mean age of 65.0 years;10 cases located at left side while 5 at the right side.The age, gender, side of the two groups were not statistical different.The two groups were followed up, and the tumor stage, grade, recurrence rate, cancer-free survival time were compared.Results The pathology results of all cases were urothelial carcinoma.In the intravesical chemotherapy group, 23 cases were high grade tumors with 9 low grade tumors.There were 15 cases of Ta-T1 stage, 8 cases of T2 stage and 9 cases of T3 stage;the tumor of 19 cases located at pelvis, 12 located at ureter, 1 located at pelvis and ureter;the mean size of the tumors was (2.75 ± 1.49) cm;8 cases were multiple while 24 were single.In the non-intravesical chemotherapy group, 12 cases were high grade tumors with 3 low grade tumors, there were 6 cases of Ta-T1 stage, 4 cases of T2 stage and 5 cases of T3 stage;the tumor of 11 cases located at pelvis, 3 located at ureter, 1 located at pelvis and ureter;the mean size of the tumors was (3.11 ± 1.48) cm;6 cases were multiple while 9 were single.The items mentioned above did not reach statistical difference between the two groups(P ＞0.05).6 patients relapsed in intravesical chemotherapy group while 7 in non-intravesical chemotherapy group.The recurrence rate of bladder cancer of intravesical chemotherapy group was lower than that of non-intravesical chemotherapy group (18.75％ vs.46.67％, χ2 =3.978, P =0.046).Compared with non-intravesical chemotherapy group, intravesical chemotherapy group had longer cancer-free survival, but it did not reach statistical difference (36.5months vs.29.6months, t =1.079, P =0.286).The age and tumor grade were risk factors of bladder cancer recurrence, meanwhile the gender, tumor side, tumor stage, voided urine cytology, tumor size, and location were not.Conclusion Prophylactic intravesical chemotherapy after nephroureterectomy for primary upper tract urothelial carcinoma could reduce the recurrence rate of bladder cancer.

In contrast to traditional representational perspectives in which the motor cortex is involved in motor control via neuronal preference for kinetics and kinematics, a dynamical system perspective emerging in the last decade views the motor cortex as a dynamical machine that generates motor commands by autonomous temporal evolution. In this review, we first look back at the history of the representational and dynamical perspectives and discuss their explanatory power and controversy from both empirical and computational points of view. Here, we aim to reconcile the above perspectives, and evaluate their theoretical impact, future direction, and potential applications in brain-machine interfaces.
Biomechanical Phenomena ; Brain-Computer Interfaces ; Motor Cortex/physiology* ; Neurons/physiology*

Objective:To compare the perioperative complications and prognosis of intracorporeal and extracorporea lileal conduit urinary diversion(ICUD or ECUD)following robot-assisted radical cystectomy(RARC).Methods:The data of 95 patients who underwent RARC treatment in Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital from March 2016 to June 2019 were retrospectively analyzed. Among them, 37 underwent ICUD and 58 underwent ECUD. In the ICUD group, there were 32 males and 5 females, aged(68.0±7.8) years, body mass index (BMI) of (24.1±3.4) kg/m 2, American Society of Anesthesiologists(ASA)score of 1-2 in 4 cases(10.8%), ASA score of 3-5 in 33 cases(89.2%), preoperative hemoglobin of(126.5±14.2)g/L, albumin of(39.0±2.2)g/L, and C-reactive protein of 4.0(2.0-8.5) mg/L. In the ECUD group, there were 53 males and 5 females, aged(67.5±9.0)years, BMI of(24.2±3.6)kg/m 2, ASA score of 1-2 in 16 cases(27.6%), ASA score of 3-5 in 42 cases (72.4%) , preoperative hemoglobin of(129.0±12.4)g/L, albumin (38.2±3.1) g/L, and C-reactive protein of 4.9 (3.1-14.4) mg/L. There was no significant difference in preoperative data between the two groups ( P>0.05). The two groups underwent RARC and pelvic lymph node dissection similarly. The ICUD group underwent a total intracorporeal ileal conduit and the ECUD group underwent extracorporeal ileal conduit with direct vision through a median incision in the lower abdomen.There were 32 cases (86.5%) and 46 cases (79.3%) undergoing expanded pelvic lymph node dissection in the ICUD group and the ECUD group respectively, and the difference was not statistically significant ( P=0.374). The complications were graded according to the Clavien-Dindo grading system. The perioperative complications and prognosis of the two groups were compared. Results:The operation time of the ICUD group and the ECUD group were (430±63) min vs. (410±69) min, respectively ( P=0.163). The estimated blood loss were (435±233) ml vs. (388±277) ml, respectively ( P=0.182). Intraoperative blood transfusion were 10 cases (27.0%) and 12 cases (20.7%)( P=0.475). None of the above differences were statistically significant. Postoperative albumin of the ICUD group and the ECUD group were (31.5±2.4) g/L vs. (31.0±2.8) g/L ( P=0.387), postoperative C-reactive protein were 30.9 (10.4-52.1) mg/L vs.29.5 (14.4-58.5) mg/L ( P=0.655) and postoperative hemoglobin were (110.0±13.8) g/L vs. (113.7±13.4) g/L ( P=0.187). The postoperative feeding recovery were 4(3-5) d vs. 4(3-5) d ( P=0.752) and the postoperative hospital stay were 13(10-19) d vs. 13(11-18) d ( P=1.000). There was no statistically significant difference in perioperative data. The postoperative pathological examination results of ICUD group and ECUD group showed that there were 17 cases (45.9%) vs.19 cases (32.8%) in T a/T 1/Tis stage, 12 cases (32.4%) vs. 18 cases (31.0%) in T 2 stage, 5 cases (13.5%) vs. 19 cases (32.8%) in T 3 stage, 3 cases (8.1%) vs. 2 cases (3.4%) in T 4 stage, respectively and the difference was not statistically significant( P=0.166). The number of lymph nodes removed were (18.2±6.7) vs.(16.5±7.9)( P=0.178) and the number of patients with positive lymph nodes were 6(16.2%) vs.11(19.0%), respectively( P=0.733). None of the patients had positive margins. There was no statistically significant difference in pathological examination overall. There were 14 cases (37.8%) in the ICUD group and 21 cases (36.2%) in the ECUD group experiencing complications within 30 days after operation and the difference was not statistically significant( P=0.872). The complications within 90 days after operation were 14 cases (37.8%) vs. 24 cases (41.4%) respectively and the difference was not statistically significant( P=0.731). Clavien-Dindo grade Ⅲ-Ⅴ complications in the two groups were 1 case (2.7%) vs.1 case (1.7%) respectively, with no significant difference ( P=0.849). One patient in the ICUD group developed an intestinal anastomotic leakage and underwent reoperation for repairing and 1 patient in the ECUD group developed mechanical intestinal obstruction and underwent reoperation. The rate of readmission within 90 days after operation of the ICUD group was lower than that of the ECUD group, but the difference was not statistically significant [3 cases (8.1%) vs. 11 cases (19.0%), P=0.090]. Postoperative follow-up was 13-53 months and the median follow-up of ICUD group and ECUD group were 19 months and 31 months respectively. There was no significant difference in the survival curve between the two groups( P=0.746). The 1-year survival rate was 91.9% in the ICUD group and 91.4% in the ECUD group. Routine re-examination of urinary system CT or B-ultrasound was performed 3 months, 6 months and 1 year after surgery. The incidence of ureteral dilatation/hydronephrosis in the ICUD group was lower than that of the ECUD group, with 4.1%(3 sides) vs. 14.7%(17 sides)( P=0.020). Conclusion:Compared with RARC+ ECUD, RARC+ ICUD does not increase the incidence of complications within 90 days after surgery and may reduce the risk of upper urinary tract dilatation.