Objective To know the effect of low level exposure of toluene on conditioned place preference (CPP) in rats. Methods 60 SD rats were randomly divided into 6 groups, 10 in each. 4 groups were treated respectively with toluene by inspiration of 328.6, 1 026.8mg/m3, OB-impaired+toluene 328.6 mg/m3, OB-impaired+1 026.8 mg/m3 in a closed chambers for 4 weeks (5 days/week, 6 hours/day) and 2 groups were taken as the control, OB-impaired control, blank control. The addiction and the generating electricity of the OB were examined by CCP chamber and the system of PowerLab. Results Compared with the blank group, in the toluene 328.6 and 1 026.8 mg/m3 groups the time in the light chamber was longer (P

Objective To investigate immunological effects of PAMHG injection in rabbits. Methods PAMHG was injected subcutaneously into bodies of the rabbits. In different periods after the injection, subgroups of T cell, activities of NK cells and expressive levels of IL 2 and SIL 2R were determined and compared with those measured before the injection. Results The levels of CD3 + and CD4 + T cells before injection were (17.8?5.9)% and (9.6?3.5 )%, and began to increase and till the third month after the injection, and the levels significantly increased to( 24.3?5.6) % and (15.8? 4.7) % ( P

Objective To investigate the characteristics and risk factors of abdominal lymph node metastasis in thoracic esophageal squamous cell cancer.Methods The clinical data of 586 patients with thoracic esophageal cancer who underwent surgery via transabdominal and transthoracic approaches between June 2009 and June 2014 at the Sichuan Cancer Hospital were retrospectively analyzed.All the patients received resection of esophageal cancer and lymph node dissection, and the transabdominal right thoracic approach or cervico-thoracicabdominal triple incision was selected according to the condition of patients.No.18, 19, 20 lymph nodes were dissected seperately and No.16, 17 and lesser curvature lymph nodes were separated.All the specimens of lymph nodes were detected by regular pathological examination.Measurement data with normal distribution were presented as x ± s and count data were described as rate.Comparisons of rate between 2 specimens and among the multiple specimens were respectively analyzed using the chi-square test and partition of chi-squared.The multivariate analysis was done using the logistic regression.Results The number of lymph node dissected in 586 patients was 12 524 with an average number of 20 ± 11 per case, and the rate of lymph node metastasis was 55.63％ (326/586).The number of mediastinal lymph node dissected was 7 012 with an average number of 12 ± 5 per case, and a rate of mediastinal lymph node metastasis was 40.96％ (240/586).The number of abdominal lymph node dissected was 5 512 with an average number of 9 ± 8 per case, and a metastasis rate was 31.74％ (186/586).The abdominal lymph node metastasis rate of the upper, middle and lower thoracic esophageal cancer were 13.73％ (14/102), 31.51％ (92/292) and 41.67％ (80/192), respectively, showing a significant difference among the above 3 indexes (x2 =25.91, P ＜ 0.05).The lymph node metastasis rate in No.16, 17, 18,19, 20 and lesser curvature lymph nodes were 12.80％ (75/586), 16.89％ (99/586), 1.71％ (10/586),0.68％ (4/586), 1.71％ (10/586) and 2.05％ (12/586), respectively, with a significant difference among the above 6 indexes (x2 =287.95, P ＜ 0.05).The results of univariate analysis showed that the tumor location,surgical procedure, T stage, N stage, G stage, pathological stage and mediastinal lymph node metastasis were risk factors affecting abdominal lymph node metastasis of thoracic esophageal cancer (x2 =24.02, 23.97, 37.87,136.85, 38.79, 7.70, 154.27, P ＜ 0.05).The tumor in the lower thoracic portion, N3 stage and stage Ⅳ were independent risk factors affecting abdominal lymph node metastasis of thoracic esophageal cancer in the multivariate analysis (RR =5.80, 2.36, 2.76, 95％ confidence interval: 1.022-1.813, 1.317-3.950, 1.652-12.351, P ＜ 0.05).Conclusions Abdominal lymph node metastasis is common in thoracic esophageal cancer in which No.16 and 17 lymph nodes predominate, and it is easy to occur in patients with lower thoracic esophageal cancer, and advanced N stage and pathological type.

Objective To evaluate if the flexible ureteroscopy could treat stones located in lower calyx with the infundibulopelvic angle (IPA) less than 30°.Methods Thirty-six patients with inferior caliceal calculi on whom flexible ureteroscopic procedures were performed between November 2009 and June 2015 were reviewed.The mean age of the patients was 52.1 years (34-71),with the mean stone diameter of (1.5 ± 0.8) cm (1.2-2.6 cm).IPA was smaller than 30° in all 36 cases,which confirmed by CTU examination.IPA was less than 10° in 15 patients,between 11 ° and 20° in 13 patients and between 21 ° and 30° in 8 patients.Results The success rate was 63.9％ (23/36 patients) in patients with IPA smaller than 30° after first session of procedure,and the stone free rate reached 100％ after the second session of procedure.The mean operation duration was (95.5 ± 31.4) min(51-127 min).The mean hospital stay after operation was(4.1 ± 1.2)days (3-5 days).No major complications were recorded and no patients needed to convert to open surgery.Double J tube was removed after 4 weeks postoperatively.Patients were followed up for 4-12 months,during which ultrasound and CT scan were used for stone detection.Conclusions The small IPA (＜30°) negatively affected the SFR in the first session operation.However,its negative effect was solvable by using modern endoscopes.A complete stone clearance was achievable even in case of unfavorable anatomic conditions in experienced hand.

Objective To investigate the efficacy of transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) with covered stent in the treatment of portal hypertension in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma.Methods The clinical data of 46 patients with primary hepatocellular carcinoma and portal hypertension who received TIPS with stent treatment were retrospectively analyzed.After treatment,liver function,shunt patency,re-bleeding rate,hepatic encephalopathy,ascites,gastric intestinal symptoms, lifetime and causes of death were analyzed. Compare t test was performed for measurement data comparison among groups.The survival curves were used to analyse the cumulative stent shunt patency rate,the incidence of hepatic encephalopathy and the survival rate.Results After the operation,portal vein pressure significantly decreased compared with that before operation [(16.2 ± 4.6 )mmHg vs (28.3±5 .1)mmHg,1 mmHg=0.133 kPa],and the difference was statistically significant (t =21 .30, P <0.05).There was no significant difference in liver function before and after operation [(6.8 ±1 .8) score vs (6.9±1 .5)score,P >0.05].Cumulative stent shunt patency at 3,6,12,24,36 month after operation was 100.0%,95 .6%,93.5 %,91 .3% and 91 .3%,respectively.The cumulative incidence of hepatic encephalopathy was 6.5 %,8.7%,13.0%,17.4% and 26.1 %,respectively;cumulative survival rate was 95 .7%,82.6%,67.4%,43.5 % and 32.6%,respectively.In 10 cases of refractory ascites, ascites of all the patients reduced with different degree after operation and gastrointestinal uncomfortable symptoms were relieved.Conclusion In patients with primary hepatocellular carcinoma and portal hypertension,who have gastrointestinal bleeding or refractory ascites,treatment of TIPS with covered stents could effectively lower portal pressure,prevent re-bleeding and reduce the volume of ascites.

Objective To monitor the renal pelvic pressure and to investigate its clinical significance during retrograde flexible ureteroscopic lithotripsy (RFUL).Methods The data of renal pelvic pressure measured in 60 cases of RFUL with the mean irrigation pump speed and pressure of 30 ml/min and 30 mmHg were analyzed retrospectively.The influence factors of renal pelvic pressure and its correlation with postoperative fever were analyzed.Renal pelvic pressure was measured by baroceptor,which was connected to PHILIP-MP4 monitor IBP channel and ureteric catheter positioned in renal pelvis through a dual channel ureteral access sheath (UAS).The renal pelvic pressure data was collected and analyzed in every 2 seconds by computer.The 60 cases were divided into 3 groups according to their intra-pelvic pressure situations:normal pressure group(NP,IPPmax ≤30 mmHg),high pressure group(HP,IPPmax＞30 mmHg,but high pressure duration≤ 10 min),and backflow pressure group(BP,IPPmax＞30 mmHg and high pressure duration＞ 10 min).Results The baseline intra-pelvic pressure (IPP0) and max imum intra-pelvic pressure (IPPmax) were (13.2±5.6) mmHg and (95.6±2.3) mmHg respectively.IPP levels during the RFUL were significantly higher than the IPP0(P＜0.001).There were 32,17 and 11 cases in NP,HP and BP groups,respectively.There were 6 cases with fever higher than 38.5 ℃ (10％),in which there were 1 case in NP,1 case in HP group and 4 cases in BP group.The postoperative fever rate in NP,HP and BP group were 3％,6％ and 36％ respectively,which were significantly different between groups(P＜0.01).There were 12 cases with procalcitonin ＞0.1 ng/ml and 8 cases with procalcitonin ＞0.5 ng/ml,in which 2 cases in HP group and 6 cases in BP group.Conclusions RFUL would result in a temporal elevated intrapelvic pressure greater than 30 mmHg.Postoperative fever is relevant with renal perfusion pressure and perfusion time.It's necessary for the surgeons to adjust the perfusion pressure during operation.

Objective To compare the therapeutic effect of retrograde ureteroscopic Ho:YAG laser lithotripsy (UHL) and percutaneous nephrolithotripsy (PCNL) in treating patients with renal calculi of ≤3 cm.Methods From Feb.2008 to Apr.2011,a total of 109 cases (117 renal calculi in total) treated by either PCNL (50) or UHL (67) were retrospectively analyzed.Operative time,stone free rate,postoperative hospital stay,hospitalization expenses and complications were compared in the 2 groups.Results The mean stone burden of the UHL group and PCNL group was 2.5 cm (1.5-3.0) cm and 2.4 cm (1.3-3.0) cm,respectively.There was no significant difference in two groups.In UHL group,operations were performed successfully in all 67 calculi,of whom,43 patients needed combination of flexible ureteroscopy to break the stone fragments falling into the renal calices.No serious complication was recorded except postoperative fever in 3 cases.In PCNL group,all patients had been successful operated.Postoperative fever occurred in 2 cases.Obvious intraoperative and postoperative haemorrhage appeared in 1 case,and cured by selective renal artery embolization.The operation time of the UHL group and PCNL group was (117.0±36.5) min and (90.0±18.3) min respectively,and had no significant difference in two groups (P＞0.05).The stone free rate of the UHL group and PCNL group was 94％ (63/67) and 92％ (46/50) respectively,and had no significant difference in two groups (P＞0.05).Hemoglobin decline of the UHL group and PCNL group was (0.3±0.1) g/L and (20.6±8.1) g/L,and had significant difference in two groups (P＜0.05).Postoperative hospital stay of the UHL group and PCNL group was (5.0±2.4) day and (7.0±3.7) day,and had statistical difference in two groups (P＜ 0.05).Hospitalization expenses of the UHL group and PCNL group was (15 477.0±754.3) RMB and (27 453.0± 1763.5) RMB,and had statistical difference in two groups (P＜0.05).Conclusions Although UHL and PCNL have similar curative effect in treating renal stones of less than 3 cm,UHL have the advantages of lcss trauma and complication,lower expenses and fewer hospital stay.In treating renal stones of smaller than 3 cm,especially in the contraindication of PCNL,UHL may be a better choice.

Objective To study the feasibility of Bama miniature pig model establishment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) by high-fat and high-sugar diet combined with streptozotocin (STZ), and observe the changes in protein kinase B (PKB) and phosphorylation expressions in skeletal muscle, liver, and pancreatic tissues of the miniature pig model. Methods A total of 10 healthy male Bama miniature pigs were randomly divided into two groups:control group (n=5, fed normal diet) and diabetic model group (n=5, fed high-fat and high-sugar diet combined with STZ to establish T2DM Bama miniature pig model). The fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and fasting insulin (FINS) levels were measured, and insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) was calculated in two groups. The PKB and phosphorylation expressions in skeletal muscle, liver and pancreatic tissues were measured using Western blot assay. Results (1) After 10 months of high-fat and high-sugar diet, the body weight, FPG, FINS and HOMA-IR were significantly higher in model group than those of control group (P<0.01). (2) After STZ treatment, compared with control group, there was a further increased level of FPG and a significantly decreased level of FINS in model group (P<0.01). (3) Compared with control group, the PKB and phosphorylation expression levels in skeletal muscle, liver and pancreas were significantly lower in model group (P<0.05). Conclusion The high-fat and high-sugar diet combined with STZ can successfully establish the T2DM miniature pig model. The PKB and phosphorylation expression levels in skeletal muscle, liver, and pancreatic tissues are decreased in model pigs.

Objective This study was performed to assess the clinical feasibility of video-assisted mediastinoscopic lymphadenectomy in the treatment of resectable lung cancer.Methods Between March 2011 and May 2012,we retrospectively analyzed the data from 56 patients who underwent video-assisted mediastinoscopic lymphadenectomy(VAMLA).In patients receiving tumour resection subsequently,radicality of the previous mediastinoscopic dissection was controlled during thoracotomy.Results Mean operative time of video-assisted mediastinoscopic lymphadenectomy was(42.0 ± 13.5) min(range of 26-86 min).Mean number of resected lymph nodes was 12.4 ± 6.7 (range of 5-24).In video-assisted mediastinoscopic lymphadenectomy,the rates of lymph node dissection of stations 2,4,5,7,8 were 54.5％,92.7％,58.2％,100％,61.8％,respectively,there was no operative mortality and morbility.90.9％ patients achieved radical dissection.Conclusion Video-assisted mediastinoscopic lymphadenectomy is a clinically feasible procedure and provides more accurate staging of mediastinal node in lung cancer patients.It also plays an important role in minimal invasive surgery and neoadjuvant therapy.