Objective: The present study is to clarificate Decoction of Xiaoerxishi Syrup Prescription. Methods: Two processes including chitosan flocculation and ethanol precipitation were appraised by comparison of extract percent, liquid clarity and hesperitin content, which was determined by HPLC, after the conditions of each process were optimized with respect to the volume ratio of ethanol to the decoction for ethanol precipitation and processing temperature, the concentration and amount of chitosan for chitosan flocculation. Results: The process of ethanol precipitation is better than that of chitosan flocculation.

BACKGROUND:Few reports are found about the effect of ovariectomized rats' bone histomorphometry parameters using non-destructive dynamic loading system.OBJECTIVE:To observe the effect of different loads situations on the bone histomorphometry parameters in ovariectomized rats.DESIGN,TIME AND SETTING:A controlled observation on the bone histomorphometry was performed in the Biomedical Engineering Laboratory of Jilin University from April 2007 to August 2007.MATERIALS:A total of 35 9-month-old Sprague-Dawley female rats were randomly divided into five groups,including sham operation group,ovariectomized (OVX) control group,OVX loading 1 N group,OVX loading 2 N group,OVX loading 4 N group.There were 7 rats in each group.METHODS:Rats in OVX control group and castration load group were processed into bilateral OVX on the back. The sham operation group only underwent the excision of fat tissues on back,and then sutured. After castration for 1 week,rats were loaded with non-destructive dynamic loading system in the two sides of the tibia,15 minutes a day. The mechanical loads would continue for 4 weeks and the loads were 1N,2N and 4N.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:Changes of proximal tibia bone histomorphometry parameters.RESULTS:The area,number and thickness of trabecular bone in OVX loading group were all higher than OVX control group (P＜0.05,P＜0.01).The trabecular bone area and thickness in OVX 4 N and OVX 2 N groups were significantly higher than OVX control group (P ＜ 0.001).There was a downward trend of trabecular separation in OVX 4 N group compared with OVX control group (P ＜ 0.05). With the increasing loads,there was an increasing trend of the area,number and thickness of trabecular bone,which were close to sham-operated group. The trabecular separation was declined. Single fluorescent labeled surface and double fluorescent labeled surfaces in sham operated group were all lower than that in OVX control group. With the increase in loads,the single fluorescent labeled surface,double fluorescent labeled surface,interlabeled width and mineral apposition rate had been shown to increase. The OVX 2 N and OVX 4 N groups exhibited a remarkably higher level of mineral apposition rate than OVX control group (P ＜ 0.05).CONCLUSION:With the increase in load at the range of 1-4 N,all parameters of bone histomorphometry improve in the OVX rats,the bone microstrcture is greatly ameliorated,bone mass loss is reduced and the process of osteoporosis is delayed.

Objective To analyze the simple sequence repeat(SSR)information in expressed sequence tag(EST)resource of Saruma henryi and lay a solid foundation for the development of EST-SSR markers in this species.Methods ESTs of S.henryi were downloaded from GenBank and used to perform the contig assembly using Sequencher 4.8.Uni-ESTs were obtained and screened for SSR-containing unigenes using SciRoKo 3.4.The distributing frequency of the EST-SSRs and the basic characteristics of motifs were analyzed.Results A total of 10 274 ESTs of S.henryi were retrieved and were assembled into 6 643 non-redundant Uni-ESTs with a total length of 5.11?106 bp.In all,the data mining yielded 1 408 SSR loci,which corresponded to 1 232 Uni-ESTs(18.55%).On average,EST-SSRs spanned 22.30 bp,and occurred every 3.63 kb in length.In S.henryi,mononucleotide repeats predominated with an occurrence frequency of 12.24%.Dinucleotide repeats followed with a frequency of 5.01%.The most frequent one was A/T among all the repeat motifs,then followed by AG/CT.Conclusion SSRs in ESTs of S.henryi display a relatively high level of occurrence frequency and show abundance of types.

Objective To investigate the protective effects and mechanism of TG 6 on myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury . Methods the protective effects of TG 6 on myocardial ischemia/reperfusion was investigated by setting up models of ischemia and reperfusion of rats induced by ligating the left coronary anterior descending artery in vivo,isolated rat hearts through an improved Lange-ndorff device, and hypoxia /reoxygenation injury of neonatal rat cardiomyocytes , and the serum CK,LDH,T-SOD, MDA were taken as research markers .Results TG6 significantly reduced the myocardial infarct size , decreased the activity of CK and the content of MDA in serum, reduced the activity of LDH, and increased the activity of T-SOD in vivo;TG6 obviously increased the coronary blood flow after low rate perfusion and reperfusion , decreased the content of MDA and the leakage of CK , LDH in myocardial tissue , elevated the activity of T-SOD in vitro of isolated rat hearts;TG6 had no effects on cells in normal growth condition , raised the viability of cardio-myocytes significantly, and reduced the rate of CK leakage and the content of [Ca2+]i obviously in Na2S2O4 treated cells in vitro of neonatal rat cardiomyocytes .Conclusion TG6 could effectively protect myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury .

Objective:To explore the deficits of facial expression recognition,theory of mind and empathy in patients with schizophrenia and to examine the association of facial expression recognition with theory of mind and empathy.Methods:Totally 47 patients with schizophrenia who met the diagnostic criteria of the Diagnostic and Sta-tistical Manual of Mental Disorders,Fifth Edition(DSM-5)and 35 normal participants were selected.The Facial E-motion Identification Test(FEIT),Yoni task,and the Questionnaire of Cognitive and Affective Empathy(QCAE)were used to measure expression recognition,theory of mind,and empathy.The main indicators were task accuracy and questionnaire scores.Results:Compared to normal controls,patient group showed significantly poorer perform-ance on facial expression recognition accuracy and the Yoni task,and lower scores on cognitive empathy and pe-ripheral responsivity subscale of the QCAE(Ps＜0.05).Regression analyses showed that performance on cognitive theory of mind(β=0.33,P＜0.01)and affective theory of mind(β=0.33,P＜0.01)of the Yoni task were posi-tively associated with accuracy in recognizing happy expressions.Cognitive empathy scores of the QCAE were neg-atively associated with accuracy in recognizing neutral expressions(β=-0.23,P＜0.05).Patients had lower af-fective theory of mind accuracy(β=-0.23,P＜0.05)and QCAE cognitive empathy scores(β=-0.34,P＜0.01).Conclusion:Patients with schizophrenia have deficits in expression recognition,theory of mind,and empa-thy,and that their abnormal expression recognition may be associated with deficits in theory of mind and empathy.

Osteoporosis is a generalized disease of bone that leads to a loss of bone density and bone mass, destruction of bone microstructure, increased brittleness and therefore fracture. At present, the main treatment of Western medicine is drug therapy such as bisphosphonates, calcitriol, vitamin D, etc. However, long-term use of these drugs may bring some adverse reactions. Chinese herbal medicine Cistanche deserticola could regulate bone metabolism by promoting osteoblast activity and inhibiting osteoclast activity with low toxicity and adverse reactions. Therefore, Cistanche deserticola has attracted increasing attention for its efficacy in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis in recent years. Here we present a literature review of the molecular pathways involved in osteoporosis and the effects of Cistanche deserticola on bone metabolism. Our objective is to clarify the mechanism of Cistanche deserticola in the treatment of osteoporosis.