BACKGROUND:Polylactic acid(PLA)surface is hydrophobic and there are no nataral recognition sites,so its application is limited.Many different strategies have been studied such as composition and chemical Drafting,to produce hydrophilic groups.However,these traditional methods are always involved in complex process and many organic reagents,resulting in decrease of biocompatibility.OBJECTIVE:To conduct the surfacr modification of PL.A and improve its hydrophilicity with low temperature plasma treatment.DESIGN:Controlled observation.SETTING:Department of Materials Science and Engineering in Jinan University.MATERIAIS:The experiment was processed from October 2004 to October 2005 at Guangzhou Research Center of Artificial Organs and Materials Engineering(Ministry of Education).The mainly used materials were:Poly-D,L-lactic acid(Mr 2.9×104,Shandong Medical Instrument Institute),N-vinyl-pyrrolidone(NVP,Acros Company,purified before use).METHODS:The materials were treated in the plasma reactor under different conditions(power=150 W,t=3,2,1 minutes;power=30 W,t=10,8,5,3,1 minutes)to choose the optimal condition,and then PLA were grafted with NVP by gas phase polymerization and liquid polymerization,respectively.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:THe surface morphology of the films was observed with scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy.The hydrophilicity of native and treated material surfaces was measured using a water contact angle meter.Surface composition was detected with Fourier transform infrared spectrometer.Mass changesmeasurement was applied to characterize the grafting efficiency.RESULTS:Scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy showed that the plasma medified materials possessed coarse surface with pores and notches.Water contact angles decreased obviously from 78°to 50°after grafting,Fourier transform infrared spectrometer showed a new absorption peak at 1 637.19 cm-1,which corresponded to the carbonyl stretch vibration absorption of amide group in poly-N-vinyl-pyrrolidone.After the plasma treatmerlt at low temperature.the mass change ratio of PLA film material was-0.6.CONCLUSION:The plasma treatment and polymerization can improve the hydrophilicity and cause coarsr surface of PLA material,which will be helpful for the cell attachment.

Objective To investigate the upper limit of plasma′s alanine aminotransferase (ALT ) donated by volunteers in Chongqing city ,utmost avoid blood discarding due to ALT unqualified and provide a scientific basis for the improvement measures . Methods Checking 115 530 blood donors′ALT by rate method ,the activity of ALT value was normal distribution ,deem x ± 1 .96s as the upper limit of ALT of blood donors ,the upper limit of ALT and the unqualified rate was analyzed according tomonth ,age , gender .Results 95% upper limit of blood donors′ ALT reference range to less than 47 .88 U/L .From June to September ,ALT value unqualified rate compared with other months of the year have significant difference (P<0 .05) .Between different age groups , the upper limit and the unqualified rate had no significant difference(P>0 .05) .There was obvious difference about unqualified rate and upper limit between different sex group ,there was statistical significance (P<0 .05) .Conclusion The quantitative blood agen‐cies should increase propagandist strength ,optimize ALT screening strategy ,gender‐specific blood donors screening measures should be taken ,re‐establish a more scientific ALT Elimination standard ,the maximum reduct blood ALT′s failure rate .To ensure the safety and clinical local blood supply at the same time ,the maximum to avoid waste of blood .

Objective To investigate the relationship between the incidence of dysphagia and the location of brain lesions in patients with acute stroke.Methods Swallowing function was assessed by Watin drinking water test within 48 hours after admission in 226 cases with acute stroke.The location of the brain lesions was identified by CT and / or MRI.According to the US National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS),evaluation of nerve functions was evaluated within 24 hours after admission in stroke patients.Results The incidence of dysphagia was 50.4％ (114 /226) in 226 patients in acute stage.The degree of neurological deficit of stroke patients on admission was significantly correlated with the occurrence of dysphagia (x2 =13.35,P=0.02).The incidence of dysphagia caused by lesions in internal carotid artery trunk (hemisphere in combination with basal ganglia/internal capsule) was more common in anterior circulating territory(internal carotid artery system),dysphagia with internal carotid arterg(ICA) trunk occlusion (hemisphere in combination with basal ganglia/internal capsule) was more common than that caused by cortex branches occlusion (hemisphere-cortex) or penetrating ICA injuries (basal ganglia/internal capsule) and cortex branches occlusion (hemisphere-cortex),respectively(x2 =8.228,P＜0.05).The incidences of dysphagia induced by brain lesions of different cortex lobes had no statistic differences(x2 =0.312,P＞0.05).In posterior circulating territory (vertebro-basilar system),the incidence of swallowing disorders was significantly higher in brain stem group than in the thalamus and cerebellum (x2 =27.292,P＜0.001).The incidence of the dysphagia caused by lesions in cerebral hemispheres,combined basal ganglia / internal capsule and brain stem lesions were significantly higher than those caused by other lesions(x2 =35.639,P＜0.000).Conclusions Brain lesions of hemisphere combined basal ganglia/internal capsule and brain stem are significantly associated with the occurrence of dysphagia after acute stroke.

Objective To explore the relationship between bronchial asthma severity and the levels of nerve growth factor(NGF) in induced sputum.Methods One hundred and seventy children with asthma were divided into two groups, including 87 cases of chronic duration group and 83 cases of acute phase group.Before treatment lung function test was conducted, induced sputum was taken immediaitely, the levels of NGF were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and Eosinophils (EOS)in induced sputum were count.Comparative analysis was conducted.Results The levels of NGF,FEV1 ,FVC,PEF and EOS in duration group were significantly elevated compared with acute phase group (all P ＜ 0.05).Significant differences in NGF, FEV1, FVC, PEF and Eos were found by comparison of different extent in chronic duration group and acute phase group (all P ＜ 0.05), the levels of NGF were positive correlated with illness severity (all P ＜ 0.05) in children with afsthma in chronic duration and acute phase, the levels of NGF were positive correlation with FEV1, FVC, PE-Fand EOS (all P ＜ 0.05) in children with asthma in chronic duration, the levels of NGF were positive correlation with FEV1 and PEF in children with Asthma in acute phase,but the levels of NGF has no correlation with FVC and EOS (all P ＞ 0.05) in children with Asthma in acute phase.Conclusion The levels of NGF in induced sputum of children with asthma in acute phase are markedly elevated compared with children with asthma in chronic duration, the levels of NGF are positive correlated with illness severity in children with asthma in chronic duration and acute phase.

In the progress of the new healthcare reform, China has carried out a series of reform exploration in the drug distribution system.But fluctuating markups of drugs are still the main cause of high drug price.In order to simplify the distribution procedure, the National Health and Family Planning Commission proposed to encourage the implementation of two-receipt system nationwide.As the important part of the price system of drug circulation, drug distribution system made a great impact on the implementation of two-receipt system policy.Focusing on two provinces namely Fujian and Shaanxi provinces, this paper will discuss the typical drug distribution system in china.This paper has evaluated the main body and operation pattern in the implementation of two-receipt system, and by analyzing the benefits and drawbacks, in the same provinces.It has put forward the optimized distribution mode and provided policy suggestions for strengthening the two-receipt distribution system.

Objective To investigate the expressions of CXCR4,MMP-2 and VEGF in pancreatic carcinoma and the relationship with biological behavior of pancreatic carcinoma.Methods Immunohistochemical PV6000 technique was used to detect the expression of CXCR4,MMP-2 and VEGF in 47 cases of pancreatic carcinoma tissues,and the relationship between the expressions and pathologic parameters,and the relationship among the expressions of the 3 proteins were analysed.Results The expression rates of CXCR-4,MMP-2 and VEGF were 72.3%,66.O%and 61.7%in pancreatic carcinoma tissues,and all these proteins were correlated with metastasis,clinical staging and prognosis(X2=5.84～12.69;P＜0.05).The expression of CXCR-4,MMP-2 and VEGF was not correlated with sex,age,tumor size and differentiation(X2=0.03～4.27;P＞0.05).There was a positive relationship between the expression of CXCR-4 and MMP-2 or VEGF in pancreatic carcinoma(r=0.587,0.521;P＜0.01).Conclusions CXCR-4 could up-regulate the expression of MMP-2 and VEGF in pancreatic carcinoma,and they may contribute to metastasis and invasion of pancreatic carcinoma.

OBJECTIVETo observe the imaging findings of congenital megaureter in order to enhance the understanding of this disease.

METHODSImage data of 5 patients with congenital megaureter and 2 misdiagnosed patients were analyzed, and image findings of congenital megaureter were summarized.Elscint Prestig 2.0T superconductive magnetic resonance urography (MRU) with conventional sequence (spin-echo, T1WI560 ms/16 ms; fast spin-echo, T2WI 9600 ms/96 ms ) was performed. Raw data were acquired with fastspin-echo sequence from heavy T2-weighted image (9600 ms/120 ms). Post-processing method of MRU was the maximum intensity projection with three-dimensional reconstruction in the workstation. Intravenous pyelography (IVP) was conducted, in which X-rayfilms were taken 7 minutes, 15 minutes, and 30 minutes after injecting contrast agent, exceptthat in 2 patients the films were taken delayed at 60 and 90 minutes .X-ray retrograde pyelography was performed on 2 patients, successful in one butfailed in the other.

RESULTSThe dilated ureter showed hypointensity on T1-weighted images and hyperintensity on T2-weighted images in conventional MRI. The mass wall was intact, uniform in thickness, and showing hypointensity on T1-weighted and T2-weighted images. The MRU images showed a retroperitoneal mass appearing as an elongated tubular cystic structure spreading from kidney to bladder. MRU also revealed dilated calices and renal pelvis, pelviureteric obstruction, and renal duplication. The main signs of congenital megaureter in X-urography was significant dilatation of ureter, or normal renal pelvis with ureter dilatation, hydronephrosis, deformity, and displacement.

CONCLUSIONSMRU with X-urography could visualizethe characteristics of congenital megaureter, including the dilation of renal pelvis and ureter, calculi, urinary tract duplication, and stenosis location. The two techniques can complement each other in disease diagnosis and provide more detailed information for preoperative treatment.

OBJECTIVE: To study the objectivity and reliability of needle electromyography and nerve conduction for detection of musculus extensor digitorum brevis strength, which may provide a basis for establishing a quantitative detection of muscle strength in forensic clinical study. METHODS: Forty-four healthy people were enrolled as the subjects, and during toe dorsiflexion, the following items including needle electromyography indexes, motor unit potential (MUP) amplitude, MUP count, recruitment reaction type, and nerve conduction detection indexes, compound muscle action potential (CMAP) amplitude, CMAP latent period and motor nerve conduction velocity (MNCV), were simultaneously detected under the cooperation and disguise condition. RESULTS: Under the cooperation condition, regardless of the same operator or different operators, there were good test-retest reliabilities in MUP amplitude, CMAP amplitude, CMAP latent period and MNCV, while there were normal test-retest reliabilities in MUP count and recruitment reaction type and the repeatability of the same operator was slightly better than the repeatability between different operators. Under the disguise condition, test-retest reliabilities of MUP amplitude, CMAP amplitude, CMAP latent period and MNCV were relatively high, while test-retest reliabilities of MUP count and recruitment reaction type were relatively low. CONCLUSION There are good test-retest reliabilities in MUP amplitude, CMAP amplitude, CMAP latent period and MNCV, which can be conducive to comparison between different operators and results at various times; MUP count and recruitment reaction type, which can be easily affected by subjectivity of operators and examinees, can be used to differentiate whether an examinee disguises or not. The indexes used to objectively judge muscle strength remain to be further investigated.
Electrodes, Implanted ; Electromyography ; Humans ; Muscle Strength/physiology* ; Muscle, Skeletal/innervation* ; Neural Conduction/physiology* ; Reproducibility of Results ; Toes

Aim To study on the diuretic effect of a phenylphthalazines compound PU1424 and its influence on electrolyte balance, glucose and lipid metabolism, hepatic and renal functions.Methods Male Sprague Dawley rats were randomly divided into solvent control group,PU1424 treated group and HCTZ treated group.Urine was collected per 6 h and blood samples were collected at the end of drug administration.Urinary osmolality was measured by Freezing Point Osmometer;urea concentration was measured by Urea Detection Kit;ion level, blood glucose level, blood lipid level, hepatic and renal function were analyzed by Automatic Biochemical Analyzer.Results Compared to the solvent control group, and urine output of rats treated with PU1424 and HCTZ was increased as 1.52 times and 1.78 times and water intake increased as 1.42 times and 1.56 times respectively.Urine osmolalities were decreased as 61.5% and 50.4% of the control group, and urine urea concentration was decreased as 57.1% and 56.8% of the control group.Urinary electrolytes were decreased by administration of PU1424 and HCTZ compared to the intact plasma electrolytes.The blood glucose levels and blood lipid levels of rats treated with PU1424 had no changes, while the blood glucose and total cholesterol were increased by administration of HCTZ.The urea nitrogen, creatinine, alkaline phosphatase and total protein were intact by administration of PU1424 and HCTZ except the alanine/straw ration increased by HCTZ.Conclusion New diuretic candidate compound PU1424 displays significant diuretic effect with electrolyte balance, blood glucose level, blood lipid level, hepatic and renal function intact.

Objective To observe expression of autophagy-related proteins LC-3 and Beclin-1 in alveolar macrophages in the silicosis model of rats , and to investigate the molecular mechanisms of silicosis formation from cells autophagy perspective .Methods Fifty adult male SD rats were randomly divided into control and model groups , 25 rats for each group .The silicosis model was made by one-time infusion of silica dust suspension through the trachea without exposed.The rats were sacrificed on the 1st, 3rd, 7th, 14th or 28th day after the modeling .Alveolar macrophages were obtained from bronchoalveolar lavage and used for subsequent research after culture and purification .Morphological characteristics of alveolar macrophages were observed by HE staining and transmission electron microscope ;The expression of LC-3 and Beclin-1 was detected by means of immunocytochemistry and Western blotting in each group .Results Compared with the control group , alveolar macrophages of the model group had larger volume and abundant cytoplasm , the phagocytic silica dust particles were observed in some cells , and autophagosomes were detected by transmission electron microscope .The expressions of LC-3 and Beclin-1 were increased at all time points in the model group ( P<0.05 ) .Both LC-3 and Beclin-1 began to increase at the 1st day.As the extension of time the expression gradually enhanced , peaked at the 14th day(P<0.05), and decreased at the 28th day, but higher than the basal expression .Conclusion Autophagy is activated in alveolar macrophages of the silicosis model , and alveolar macrophages autophagy is involved in the pathological process of silicosis in the rat .