Over the past two decades, multiple drug-resistant infections have escalated globally with the significantly increased morbidity and mortality due to the unreasonable uses of antimicrobial agents in areas such as animal husbandry, industry and medicine. As the situation of drug resistance has been progressively serious, anti-drug-resistant clinical strategies have attracted widely social concerns. This review will report the current status of antibiotic resistance and the mechanism of antibiotic-resistance all over the world. The anti-drug resistance strategies are the emphasis of our report, including the new indication of old antibiotics, the combination of existing antibiotics, the development of new antibiotics, nano-antibiotics, and non-infection treatment with immunomodulators and phage. This review aims to further understand the current situation of drug resistance, which optimizes the strategies of drug-resistant bacteria and clinical services.

OBJECTIVE To explore the effect of E-cadherin on the proliferation ability of Hep-2 by method of RNA interference technology to silence the expression of E-cadherin. METHODS The specific siRNA sequences and non-silencing siRNA were designed and synthesized. Hep-2 cells were transfected and then the down expression of E-cadherin gene in vitro cultured Hep-2 cells were got. The silencing effect of E-cadherin gene was explored by Fluorescence Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction and the proliferation of the transfected Hep-2 cells were detected in vitro by MTT assay. RESULTS 1.When transfected with the ratio of recombinant plasmid and the quality of liposome volume at 1:1, the transfection efficiency at the siRNA-3 group was the highest and can be up to 65%. 2.The results of Fluorescence Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction: recombinant plasmid pRNAT-U6.1/Neo-siRNA1, pRNAT-U6.1/Neo-siRNA2 and pRNAT-U6.1/Neo-siRNA3 can down regulate the expression of E-cadherin mRAN. Set blank control group as a baseline (set to 1), the changes of expression of E-cadherin relative to β-actin in siRNA-1group was 0.00092, siRNA-2 group was 0.00143, siRNA-3 group was 0.00045 and the negative control group was 3.44898. The difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). 3. MTT: The growth rate of Hep-2 cells treated by specific siRNA was faster than that of the control group, and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). CONCLUSION Effectively inhibition the expression of E-cadherin's mRAN can enhance the proliferation of Hep-2 cells.

OBJECTIVE:To establish a method for the determination of 9 residual organic solvents in blonanserin as methanol, alcohol,isopropyl alcohol,acetonitrile,dichloromethane,hexane,ethyl acetate,tetrahydrofuran and methylbenzene. METHODS:Headspace gas chromatography was adopted. The determination was performed on DB-624 capillary column using temperature pro-gramming. The inlet temperature was 150 ℃,and flame ionization detector was used with temperature of 250 ℃. High purity nitro-gen was used as carrier gas with flow rate of 2.8 mL/min. The split ratio was 1:1,and headspace sample size was 1 mL. Head-space heating temperature was 90 ℃,and equilibration time was 35 min. RESULTS:The linear ranges of methanol,alcohol,iso-propyl alcohol,acetonitrile,dichloromethane,hexane,ethyl acetate,tetrahydrofuran and methylbenzene were 6-1500 μg/mL(r=0.9998),10-2500 μg/mL(r=0.9999),10-2500 μg/mL(r=0.9998),0.82-205 μg/mL(r=0.9994),1.2-300 μg/mL(r=0.9995), 0.58-145 μg/mL(r=0.9994),10-2500 μg/mL(r=0.9999),1.44-360 μg/mL(r=0.9996),1.78-445 μg/mL(r=0.9995),respec-tively. The limits of quantitation were 17.71,6.02,3.17,7.45,1.53,0.69,0.93,1.01,0.22 μg/mL;the limits of detection were 5.89,1.90,1.05,2.48,0.51,0.23,0.31,0.33,0.07 μg/mL,respectively. RSDs of precision and stability tests were all lower than 3.0%,and isopropanol was found in repeatability test (RSD=2.1%). The average recoveries ranged 96.67%-102.66%(RSD=1.9%,n=9),96.00%-101.83%(RSD=1.9%,n=9),97.17%-101.50%(RSD=1.4%,n=9),96.97%-102.44%(RSD=2.2%,n=9),95.83%-103.33%(RSD=2.5%,n=9),95.83%-100.28%(RSD=1.9%,n=9),98.17%-101.25%(RSD=1.0%,n=9),96.55%-102.30%(RSD=1.9%,n=9),96.30%-102.22%(RSD=1.8%,n=9),respectively. CONCLUSIONS:The method is simple,rapid,accurate and suitable for simultaneous determination of 9 residual organic solvents in blonanserin as methanol,alco-hol,isopropyl alcohol,acetonitrile,dichloromethane,hexane,ethyl acetate,tetrahydrofuran and methylbenzene.

Objective To exoplore the causes in healing difficulties of osteoporotic fracture, and to study the feasible approaches and methods for clinical treatment of osteoporotic fracture. Methods Forty female Sprague-Dawley rats, used as donor animals, were divided randomly into ovariectomized (OVX) group and control (CON) group, with each group of 20 animals. OVX group was subjected to bilateral ovariectomy and CON group was subjected to sham operation. Four months after surgery, the rats were sacrificed, and long bones of the extremities were harvested respectively for preparation of bone matrix gelatin (BMG) in terms of Urist's method. BMG implants obtained from OVX and CON rats were implanted into left and right femoral muscle pouches respectively of 17 female SD rats. The host rats were killed after 14-day feeding, and tissue block of BMG implants were removed for histologic study, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, and calcium content (CA) determination, respectively. Results ALP activity of BMG tissue block from OVX group was (7.22? 2.59)U/g, and that from CON group was (12.01?6.18)U/g. Significant difference was found between the two groups (P

Objective:To observe the effect of breathing andDaoyin exercises on the quality of life in patients with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) due to deficiency of the lung and kidney (grade II-III).
Methods:A total of 60 eligible cases were randomly allocated into a treatment group (n=30) and a control group (n=30) by random number table. Cases in the control group received routine Western medical treatment, whereas cases in the treatment group conducted breathing andDaoyin exercises in addition to routine Western medical treatment. Patients in both groups were treated for a total of 3 months. Then the observation was made on changes in pulmonary ventilation function, major clinical symptoms, modified Medical Research Council scale (mMRC), distance in 6-minute walk test (6-MWT), COPD assessment test (CAT) and efficacy satisfaction questionnaire for COPD (ESQ-COPD) before and after treatment.
Results:After treatment, the total effective rate was 80.0% in the treatment group, versus 66.7% in the control group, showing a statistical difference (P<0.05). Patients in the treatment group obtained more significant improvement in coughing, sputum production, dyspnea and shortness of breath than those in the control group (P<0.05). Patients in the treatment group obtained more significant elevation in the forced expiratory volume in 1 second percentage of predicted value (FEV1%) and peak expiratory flow rate (PEF%) than those in the control group (P<0.05). Patients in the treatment group obtained lower mMRC score than those in the control group (P<0.05). Patients in the treatment group obtained longer 6-MWT distance than those in the control group (P<0.05). Patients in the treatment group obtained lower CAT score (P<0.01) and higher ESQ-COPD score (P<0.05) than those in the control group.
Conclusion:Breathing andDaoyin exercises combined with routine Western medical treatment are effective for stable COPD (grade II-III) due to deficiency of the lung and kidney and can improve the patients’ quality of life.

BACKGROUND:Recently, glucocorticoid-induced necrosis of femoral head has been much studied. However, the precise Wnt signaling pathway by which puerarin suppresses adipogenic differentiation of glucocorticoid-induced bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells adipogenic differentiation of glucocorticoid-induced bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells remains unconfirmed. OBJECTIVE:To investigate the expression of Wnt signaling pathway related genes and the key factor protein,β-catenin, during adipogenic differentiation of glucocorticoid-induced rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells treated by puerarin. METHODS:The third generation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells were cultured with Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium containing blank serum (blank control group), dexamethasone (hormone group), dexamethasone with puerarin low dose group, the middle dose group and high dose group. After 6 days of culture, in the above five groups, the expressions of Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway members, Wnt10b mRNA, GSK3βmRNA,β-catenin mRNA, were detected using RT-PCR assay, and the expression ofβ-catenin protein was detected using western blot assay.
RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:Compared with the control group, the Wnt10b mRNA,β-catenin mRNA andβ-catenin protein expressions were significantly higher in puerarin groups, but GSK3βmRNA expression was significantly lower in the puerarin groups. These findings suggest that puerarin effects on inhibition of adipogenic differentiation of glucocorticoid-induced bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells probably are realized through the activation of Wnt/β-catenin signal pathway and regulation of the key factor Wnt10b mRNA, GSK3βmRNA,β-catenin mRNA, andβ-catenin protein expressions. The mechanism by which puerarin prevents glucocorticoid-induced necrosis of femoral head not only improves local microcirculation of the femoral head, but also relates to its inhibitory effects on adipogenic differentiation of glucocorticoid-induced bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells.

BACKGROUND:So far, engineered myocardium is stil facing many problems. Research has demonstrated that bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells can be differentiated into myocardial cells. Polyglycolide and polycaprolactone are commonly used artificial polymers, which have good biocompatibility.
OBJECTIVE:To observe the growth of the poly(glycolic acid)/poly(e-caprolactone) copolymer patch in vitro in normal myocardium and infarcted myocardium.
METHODS:Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells in Sprague-Dawley rats were separated using adherent separation and selection method, cultured in vitro. The third passage was labeled with DAPI. The bone marrow mesenchymal stem cellsuspensions (2×106/cm2) were produced and planted on poly(glycolic acid)/poly(e-caprolactone) copolymer scaffolds to form poly(glycolic acid)/poly(e-caprolactone) copolymer patch. After culturing for 48 hours, the specimens were observed under electron microscope, stained with hematoxylin and eosin, and then observed under light microscope. Rat models of myocardial infarction were established by ligating left anterior descending coronary artery. Poly(glycolic acid)/poly(e-caprolactone) copolymer patch was implanted into the normal and infarcted myocardium for 5 weeks. The survival of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells was determined by the detection of pathology.
RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:Results of light microscope and electron microscope demonstrated that bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells grew three-dimensional y on poly(glycolic acid)/poly(e-caprolactone) copolymer patch. cells and patch were adhesive wel . Under laser confocal microscopy, compared with the first week, bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells were marked by DAPI in the myocardium at the fifth week. There were bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells marked by DAPI in the infracted area. Results of hematoxylin-eosin staining exhibited that bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells were detected in the infarct area. These results suggested that bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells adhered to the poly(glycolic acid)/poly(e-caprolactone) copolymer stent wel . The complexes of poly(glycolic acid)/poly(e-caprolactone) copolymer and bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells can be used for reparation of myocardium.

PurposeTo explore the feasibility of personalized energy spectrum scanning in upper abdomen CT by comparing the image quality and radiation dose of optimizing choice spectrum scanning protocol with conventional 120 kVp scan.Material and Methods Sixty patients undergoing abdominal CT scan with and without contrast enhancement were prospectively collected and randomly assigned into two groups. Group A (30 patients) underwent conventional 120 kVp scan and spectral enhancement scanning; group B (30 patients) underwent spectrum scan and 120 kVp enhancement scanning. Spectral scanning protocol was based on individual choice with conventional 120 kVp NI10-5 mm average mAs scan for every patient. The CT dose index of volume (CTDIvol) and effective dose (ED) during non-contrast phase and portal venous phase were recorded. The CT value, standard deviation (SD), signal noise ratio (SNR) and contrast noise ratio (CNR) were measured in the liver parenchyma, spleen parenchyma and portal venous trunk.Results The CTDIvol and ED of spectrum scanning were less than 120 kVp scan but there was no statistical difference (P>0.05). The SD of group B GSI imaging was less than group A 120 kVp (P<0.05), while the SNR was greater than group A. The SD of group A GSI portal venous phase in the liver, spleen and portal vein was less than group B 120 kVp (P<0.05).ConclusionThe optimized energy spectrum scanning protocol can reduce radiation dose with quality of single energy image from the energy spectrum equal to or better than the conventional 120 kVp scanning protocol. Personalized energy spectrum scan protocol provides multi-parameter diagnosis and multi-application platform and can be used routinely in the upper abdomen scan.

Objective To explore the application of low dose of radiation combined with low concentration of contrast medium in the energy spectrum CT of the coronary artery angiography.Methods 60 patients with suspected diagnosis of coronary heart disease were randomly divided into A,B two groups,30 cases in each group.Group A with 350 mg I/mL contrast agent,undergoing conventional CT scanning;Group B using 300 mg I/mL contrast agent,the gems energy spectrum CT scanning with low-dose.Two groups both adopted forward-looking heart switch control scanning mode.After scanning,group A reconstructed conventional images of 40% ASiR sequence,group B rebuilded axial surface images of single energy 65 keV and 40% ASiR sequence,all the reconstruction images were introduced to AW4.6 workstations used for analysis.Double-blind subjective rating was done by two experienced doctors to measure CT values and SD of aortic sinus (AS),left main (LMA),the left anterior descending branch proximal (LAD-p),left circumflex branch proximal (LCX-p), right coronary artery proximal (RCA-p)and pericardial fat,AS the noise (SD),to calculate the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR)and contrast to noise ratio (CNR),to calculate the effective doses of radiation(ED)by recording CTDI and DLP,and to record iodine intake.By using two independent samples t test to compare two groups of patients’the effective radiation doses,iodine intake,the average CT value,SD,SNR and CNR.Results The subjective image quality score differences and coronary measuring section CT values between the two groups had no statistical significance.In the aspects of effective radiation dose,group B reduced about 29% compared to group A,the difference was statistically significant.Iodine intake in group B decreased about 16% than in group A.Conclusion In coronary artery CT imaging, spectral scanning with low dose of radiation and reconstruction images with single energy can effectively reduce the radiation dose and iodine intake,at the same time it can obtain the approximate image quality like conventional scanning.

Objective To investigate clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment of refractory Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia (MPP) combined with thrombosis. Methods One case with refractory MPP associated with thrombosis was retrospectively analyzed with literature review. Results The patient presented with respiratory symptom at the onset, while melosalgia and decreased respiratory sound in left lung were occurred during anti-infection therapy. Thereafter, thrombosis of lower extremity veins and pulmonary embolism were confirmed by a series of examinations. Serum anti-phospholipid antibody was positive. Finally, the patient was treated with a combination of anticoagulation and immunosuppressive therapies. Conclusions The mechanism of refractory MPP combined with thrombosis may be associated with excessive inflammatory response and endothelial cells injury. The thrombosis complication should be suspected in patient of Mycoplasma pneumonia infection with positive anti-phospholipid antibody and low concentration of protein C and immunosuppressive therapy should be implemented promptly.