Objective To explore the job tasks and qualifications of midwives in China for the next five years.Methods Anonymous surveys were sent by email to 80 professionals to learn the job tasks and qualifications of midwives in China using the Delphi method.The recipients include senior midwives, nursing administrators and nursing educators,senior obstetricians and gynecology department chiefs,as well as health administrators.Results Learnt in the survey were the qualifications and job tasks of professional midwives in China for the next five years.The system concludes 77 job tasks of midwives, among which 31 items are supposed to be completed independently.Conclusion China should develop the midwife system as soon as possible,strengthen the midwife training and education,develop the midwife access system and the corresponding laws and regulations for midwives,standardize midwife management,clear the midwife qualifications and job tasks,formulate normative midwife promotion system,and realize the midwifery scientific management.

Animals ; Animals, Newborn ; Hippocampus ; metabolism ; Hypoxia, Brain ; metabolism ; Ischemic Preconditioning ; methods ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2 ; metabolism ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; bcl-2-Associated X Protein ; metabolism

Objective:To explore the feasibility of the optimized cytokinesis-block (CB) assay on radiation-induced nucleoplasmic bridge (NPB), and to provide a scientific basis for the application of NPB in biological dose estimation.Methods:Human peripheral blood in vitro was irradiated with 2 Gy 60Co γ-rays at a dose rate of 1 Gy/min (0 Gy control group). According to the culture time after irradiation, blood samples were divided into group 48, 56, 68 and 72 h. Cytochalasin-B (Cyt-B) with a concentration of 6 μg/ml was added into the samples at 28 h and harvested at 48, 56, 68 and 72 h after irradiation, respectively. On the other hand, the blood samples were treated with different concentration of Cyt-B i. e., 0.6, 1, 2, 6 and 10 μg/ml at the beginning of culture (0 h) and harvested at 68 h after irradiation. The proportion of mononucleated, binucleated and multinucleated cells, radiation-induced NPB and micronucleus (MN) frequencies were analyzed. Results:The nuclear division index (NDI) and proportion of binucleated cells at 2 Gy and 0 Gy had tendency of increasing with cell culture time. NPB frequencies (0.023 0-0.033 0/cell) and MN frequencies had no significantly difference ( P> 0.05). With the increase of Cyt-B concentration, NDI and the proportion of binucleated cells in group 2 Gy and 0 Gy also increased, but NPB frequencies (0.023 0-0.047 0/cell) had no significant difference ( P> 0.05). MN frequencies of group 10 μg/ml were significantly lower than that of group 6 μg/ml ( U=2.74, P< 0.01). Conclusions:Cell culture time and Cyt-B concentration had no significant influence on radiation-induced NPB frequencies, suggesting that NPB could be obtained by appropriately reducing cell culture time and Cyt-B could be added into blood samples at the beginning of culture. But this protocol reduced the number of cells for further analysis, and thus its feasibility for dose estimation still need to be studied.

BACKGROUND: Brain trauma can stimulate the proliferation of neural stem cells (NSCs) to some extent, while progesterone can ameliorate the learning and memory function following brain trauma, which can also promote the neurofunctional recovery after brain trauma by stimulating the proliferation of NSCs.OBJECTIVE: To observe the effects of progesterone on the proliferation of NSCs after diffuse brain injury (DBI).DESIGN: Randomized control animal experiment.SETTING: Xinxiang Medical College.MATERIALS: Forty-eight healthy male SD rats at 4-5 months with the body mass of 280-330 g were selected.METHODS: The experiment was conducted in Xinxiang Medical College from September 2004 to January 2005. Forty-eight rat models of Marmarou DBI were selected and randomly divided into 4 groups with 12 rats in each group: ①Sham-operation group: rats were cut open the scalp and then sutured.②Brain trauma group: rats were made into animal models of brain trauma.③Dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) group: rats were given intraperitoneal injection of DMSO at the same volume as progesterone group at one hour after brain trauma and then the same administration was performed daily. ④Progesterone group: rats were intraperitoneally injected with 4 mg/kg progesterone at one hour after brain trauma and then the same administration was performed daily. Rats were executed respectively at 3 and 6 days after sham operation or brain trauma operation, and hematoxylin-eosin staining was conducted to observe the morphological changes of cortical neurons in brain. The expressions of nestin in dentate gyrus and hippocampus were detected with immunohistochemical staining.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Observation of histomorphological changes of neurons and detection of the expressions of nestin in hippocampus and dentate gyrus.RESULTS: ①There was no injury in cortical neurons in the sham-operation group, while obvious neuronal injury and loss in cortex of rats were found in the 3-day and 6-day brain trauma groups, and the neuronal injury was significantly severer in brain trauma than in 3-day and 6-day progesterone groups. ②The expressions of nestin in hippocampal CA4 region or dentate gyrus of sham-operation group were in low level or little, and the expression of nestin could be seen occasionally in hippocampal CA4 region. The expressions of nestin in hippocampal CA4 region and dentate gyrus of the brain trauma group significantly increased (P ＜ 0.05), while those in the progesterone group increased more than the brain trauma group remarkably (P ＜ O.05).③There were no differences in neuronal injury and nestin expression between braintrauma group and DMSO group(P ＞ 0.05).CONCLUCION: Progesterone for brain trauma may be related with its promoting effects on the proliferation of NSCs.

0.05).2.Neonates umbilical serum leptin concentration was positively correlated with body mass index(r=0.520 P

Objective To analyze the risk factors of acute kidney injury after orthotropic liver transplantation for adult benign end-stage liver disease.Methods A retrospective analysis was conducted in 30 recipients (18 males,12 females,aged 23-68 years,ASA grade Ⅲ or Ⅳ) who underwent orthotropic liver transplantation for benign end-stage liver disease at Tongji Hospital from May,2014 to December,2014.Both demographic characteristics and perioperative parameters were collected,including general condition,surgery and anesthesia factors and intraoperative salvage autotransfusion or not.Perioperative laboratory findings related to renal function including urine volume,serum creatinine (Scr) and urea nitrogen (BUN) were collected,too.All variables tested in the univariate analysis with a P<0.10 were included in a multiple logistic regression analysis.Results There were less intraoperative salvage autotransfusion,more platelet transfusion and a higher using rate of vasopressors in the AKI group after surgery than those did not.Patients who received intraoperative salvage autotransfusion had 0.058 time odds (95%CI 0.005-0.649) of AKI than those did not;patients who required platelet transfusion had 10.706 times higher odds (95%CI 1.212-94.963) of AKI than those did not.Conclusion It is likely that intraoperative salvage autotransfusion was able to decrease the morbidity of AKI,while platelet transfusion and vasopressor administration to maintain blood pressure could increase the possibility of AKI.

Objective To investigate the effect of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) combined with ultrafiltration in treatment of kidney injury induced by serious hemorrhagic shock in rabbits.Methods Models of pressure-controlled hemorrhagic shock was developed in 24 New Zealand white rabbits which were divided into unresuscitation group (n =8),ECMO combined with ultrafiltration group (combined resuscitation group,n =8),and fluid resuscitation group (n =8) according to the random number table.Heart rate was monitored via electrocardiograph and arterial pressure via fermoral artery catheter.Blood samples were collected pre-and post-shock and after resuscitation to measure levels of lactic acid,serum creatinine,IL-6,and TNF-α.Kidney samples were collected for measurement of histopathological changes via HE staining,expression of heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) via immunohistochemical staining.Results Arterial pressure was (53.1 ± 11.4) mmHg in combined resuscitation group,higher than (41.3 ± 11.1) mmHg in fluid resuscitation group and (25.9 ± 10.5) mmHg in unresuscitation group (F =41.425,P ＜ 0.05).Hemorrhagic shock induced significant up-regulation of lactic acid,serum creatinine,IL-6,and TNF-α(P ＜ 0.05),but all were lowered after resuscitation,especially in combined resuscitation group (P ＜ 0.05).HE staining showed the degree of kidney tissue necrosis and inflammatory cytokine infiltration in combined resuscitation group alleviated notably compared with fluid resuscitation group.Median and interquartile values of HSP70 were 17 828.960 0 (15 779.865 0-21 751.980 0) in unresuscitation group,2 714.270 0 (1 339.215 0-7 616.950 0) in fluid resuscitation group,and 262.930 0 (198.820 0-538.195 0) in combine resuscitation group,with statistical differences among groups(P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion ECMO combined with ultrafiltration is superior to conventional fluid resuscitation in improving hypoxia tissue injury and inflammatory reaction after hemorrhagic shock and is beneficial to attenuating kidney injury.

Objective To explore the mechanism of Niaochangshu capsule in the treatment of postmenopausal overactive bladder, through observing its influence on bladder weight and the expression of eNOS and AQP1 of ovariectomized female rats. Methods Female SD rats were divided into blank group, model group, Nilestriol group and Niaochangshu group. Rats were removed ovaries except the blank group. The treatment groups were given corresponding drugs, blank group and model group were given normal saline by gavage. After 4 weeks, the bladders' weight and thickness were detected, the expressions of eNOS and AQP1 in serum and bladder tissue were determined by ELISA, and NO by spectrophotometry. Results Ovariectomy resulted in decreased bladder weight, bladder mucosal and muscular atrophy, and opposite changes showed after given Niaochangshu. The expressions of eNOS and NO in bladder and serum were decreased significantly after ovariectomy, while increased by given Niaochangshu capsule or nylestriol (P<0.05), and there was significant difference between Niaochangshu group and Nilestriol group (P<0.05). The expression of AQP1 was decreased in the model group, and increased after given nylestriol or Niaochangshu capsule. While the expression of AQP1 in bladder had no significant difference among the four groups. Conclusion Niaochangshu capsule can reverse bladder mucosal and muscular atrophy caused by estrogen deficiency, and increase the content of eNOS in serum and bladder, thus play the role in the treatment of postmenopausal overactive bladder.

ObjectiveTo study echovirus 11 ( ECHO11 ) sequences genetic variability of the VP1 gene of 82 isolates from 15 countries and 2 provinces in China.MethodsThe VP1 sequences of 82 strains of echovirus 11 were downloaded from the GenBank,and their nucleotide and amino acid diversity were calculated and phylogenetic tree was constructed using Mega software.Results82 echovirus 11 strains were divided into 4 genotypes( A-D),Genotype A is further divided into 7 subgenotyps and genotype D into 7 subgenotyps.The prototype strain Gregory is the sole member of genotype B.Genotype C is divided into 3 genotypes.The sequence diversity between echovirus 11 strains is 21.7%-24.1% (AA diversity:6.0%-12.1% ).ConclusionOur results show that most genotypes contain isolates that have circulated over a wide geographical(several countries from different continents) and temporal range.Several genotypes were also shown to co-circulate in a region during the same period of time,showing that the epidemic of echovirus 11 has typical time and geographical characters.

This study is to screen the Chinese herbal compounds which could inhibit the production of Abeta and investigate the underlying mechanism. Ten types of compounds which have potential value in the treatment of AD were selected as initial screening trial. The cell models which used could overexpress Abeta and beta-secretases or Abeta and gamma-secretases. Extracellular Abeta was determined by ELISA after the cell models treated with different concentrations of compounds (0.5-100 micromol x L(-1)), separately. Then the compounds were selected which could inhibit extracellular Abeta and their best concentration ranges were decided, too. Furthermore, the cell viability and apoptosis rate, the level of intracellular Abeta, beta and gamma-secretases were determined after the cell models treated with different concentrations of selected compounds. The results showed that 4 of the 10 compounds could reduce the level of extracellular Abeta; they were cryptotanshinone, astragalosides, gastrodin and paeoniflorin, and their best concentration ranges were 0.5-5.0, 0.5-5.0, 5.0-50, 1.0-25 micromol x L(-1), respectively. Further study indicated that the 4 selected compounds were nontoxic to the cellular models and lowering intracellular Abeta were more effective compared with extracellular; of which astragalosides and gastrodin showed dose-dependent inhibition to the activities of beta and gamma-secretases, with the maximum inhibiting rates of 78.2% and 80.3%, respectively. In conclusion, cryptotanshinone, astragalosides, gastrodin and paeoniflorin could inhibit the expression and secretion of Abeta, and the underlying inhibiting mechanism of astragalosides and gastrodin were related with the reduction of the beta and gamma-secretase activities, respectively.
Amyloid Precursor Protein Secretases ; metabolism ; Amyloid beta-Peptides ; antagonists & inhibitors ; Apoptosis ; Benzyl Alcohols ; pharmacology ; Cell Line ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Drug Evaluation, Preclinical ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; pharmacology ; Glucosides ; pharmacology ; Humans ; Monoterpenes ; pharmacology ; Phenanthrenes ; pharmacology ; Saponins ; pharmacology