Abstract: Objective To analyze the application effect of rapid diagnostic techniques in Shaanxi from 2016 to 2020,and to provide basis for further optimizing the process of tuberculosis detection and formulating prevention and control strategies. Methods A total of 104 437 cases of tuberculosis patients registered in Shaanxi Province from 2016-2020 were exported from the Tuberculosis Information Management System (The subsystem of China Disease Prevention and Control Information System) according to first management unit, and the laboratory test results of sputum smear, sputum culture and molecular tests were collected to statistically analyzed the positive rate of etiology, sputum smear, sputum culture, molecular biology testing rate, and indicators of positive testing rate of tuberculosis patients. Results From 2016 to 2020, the etiology�positive rate of tuberculosis in Shaanxi province were 13.49% (2 664/19 754), 22.68% (5 081/22 401), 35.99% (8 232/22 876), 48.14% (10 438 / 21 682), 52.65% (9 332 / 17 724), respectively, with an increasing trend (χ2 trend=9 473.12, P<0.001) year by year; the proportion of molecular tests positive only in etiology-positive pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) were 0 (0/2 664), 0.16% (8/5 081), 15.44% (1 271/8 232), 27.58% (2 879/10 438), 31.52% (2 941/9 332), respectively, with an increasing trend year by year (χ2 trend=2 971.44, P<0.001); the molecular test rates of the 5 years were 0.01% (2 / 19 754), 0.38%(85 / 22 401), 21.11% (4 828/22 876), 52.42%(11 365/21 682), 55.18%(9 780/17 724), respectively, with an increasing trend year by year (χ2 trend = 28 269.23, P<0.001). The rate of molecular test in sputum smear-negative was 22.72%(17 976 / 79 130). The proportion of patients with only molecular test-positive was 33.43% (4 032/12 062) in municipal designated hospitals, and 11.99%(2 279/ 19 014) in county-level designated hospitals, the difference was statistically significant (χ2 =2 096.46, P<0.001). Conclusions The rate of molecular biology testing in Shaanxi Province from 2016 to 2020 showed a year-on-year increase. Through the application of rapid molecular tests, the etiology-positive rates of tuberculosis have been increased significantly,but the current molecular test detection rate is not high compared with other provinces, especially in county-level designated hospitals and smear-negative patients, so we should make a big promotion in application of rapid molecular technique.

Objective To analyze the incidence of endometriosis in inpatients with infertility in Peking Union Medical College Hospital in 30 years. Methods The inpatients of Peking Union Medical College Hospital admitted between May 1983 and November 2013 was searched. The infertile patients receiving laparoscopy or laparotomy were included. The discharge diagnosis and the operation were summarized. The incidence of gynecologic diseases were demonstrated, such as endometriosis, pelvic adhesions, uterine fibroid, hydrosalpinx, ovarian benign tumor, and adenomyosis. The age was collected, and the change of age and the incidence of endometriosis was analyzed. Results The incidence of endometriosis in infertile female inpatients was 35.50%(95%CI:34.50%-36.49%). The incidence showed relatively stable increasing tendency after 2004 (with P<0.01). The age had increased significantly since 1996 (with P<0.01);the average age was (29.76±3.74) years old in 1996, and (32.85±4.49) years old in 2013 (P<0.01). The inpatients diagnosed with endometriosis had greater age, (32.67 ± 4.06) versus (32.04 ± 4.55) years old (P<0.01);the incidence of endometriosis differed in different age group, the older group had higher incidence (χ2=85.807, P<0.01). Conclusions Infertile female inpatients showed increasing incidence of endometriosis in recent years. Older infertile patients maybe have higher risk of endometriosis.

Objective To investigate the indications, techniques and results of laparoscopic hepatectomy. Methods The clinical data and follow-up results of 463 patients who received laparoscopic hepatectomy at our institute were retrospectively analyzed. Results From March 1, 2007 to March 31, 2011, 463 cases of laparoscopic hepatectomy were successfully carried out. Of the 463 patients,165 were with primary liver cancer, 29 with metastatic liver cancer, 143 with hepatic hemangioma, 81with hepatolithiasis and 45 with other benign liver diseases (including hepatic angiomyolipoma, hepatocellular adenoma, focal nodular hyperplasia and chronic liver abscess). The surgical approaches included laparoscopic left lateral lobectomy (93 cases), left hepatectomy (71 cases), extended left hepatectomy (4 cases), right hepatectomy (29 cases), right posterior lobectomy (24 cases), hepatectomy of segment Ⅵ (56 cases), extended right hepatectomy (2 cases), central hepatectomy (8 cases) and hepatectomy of segments Ⅶ/Ⅷ, Ⅳa, caudate lobe and the junction of segment Ⅵ and Ⅶ (41 case).Nonanntomic and wedge resection were performed on 121 patients, and combined resection on 14 patients. The mean operation time, blood loss, length of hospital stay and incidence of postoperative complications were (244.71 ± 105. 07) minutes, (460. 26±425.81) ml, (15.51 ±4.36) days and 9.29%, respectively. And no operative death occurred. In the 194 cases with malignant liver lesions,185 cases were followed up for 2 to 50 months. The 1 year and 3 year overall and disease free survival rate were 90. 8% and 87.9% , 84.2% and 73. 7% respectively. Conclusions As a means of minimally invasive surgical approach, laparoscopic hepatectomy can be selectively adopted for the treatment of all kinds of liver diseases which located at different parts of the liver, with the advantages of smaller trauma, quick recovery and cosmetic benefits. The short-term results of laparoscopic hepatectomy is superior to and its long-term results is equal to that of open surgery. Benign liver diseases, small hepatocellular carcinoma and metastatic liver cancer are the good indications for laparoscopic hepatectomy.

Producing mammary gland bioreactor showed great advantage over many years, but the level of transgenic expression was low in transgenic animals and the diversity was more great because of the position effect of transgene and the artificial recombination of the gene elements. Gene targeting based on the principle of gene homologous recombination had been studied and applied, because the transgene could be integrated precisely in the chromosome. This review summary the current status of producing mammary gland bioreactor by the technology of gene targeting and nuclear transfer using the somatic cell lines. These aspects were discussed, including the characteristic and difficulties of gene targeting, the strategies to improve the efficiency of gene targeting, the different features of between the strategy of promoter-trap and the Cre-LoxP system, etc; for the others, how to select the cell lines with the different strategies of gene targeting, how to raise the times of cell lines that was cultured after the gene targeting. Somatic cell nuclear transfer offers new and exciting opportunities in the areas of the gene targeting. However, the field as a whole is still difficult and complex. In this paper, we described recent advances and novel approaches, which resulted in progress during the last year. Key problems hindering further progress are addressed, for example, how to increase the efficiency of nuclear transfer. With the technology of gene targeting and nuclear transfer, it should provide a general way to produce specific genetic changes in several mammalian species. We are clearly at the dawn of a new era in mammalian genetic technology.
Animals ; Animals, Genetically Modified ; Bioreactors ; Biotechnology ; methods ; Gene Targeting ; methods ; Humans ; Mammary Glands, Human ; cytology ; metabolism ; Nuclear Transfer Techniques

AIMTo investigate the secondary metabolites of the mangrove plant Ceriops tagal.

METHODSColumn chromatography techniques including HPLC were used for the separation and purification, and extensive spectral analysis including various 2D NMR spectra were employed for structure elucidation.

RESULTSNine compounds, namely, tagalsins A (1), ent-5alpha-dolabr-4 (18) -ene-15S,16-diol (2), squalene (3), betulinic acid (4), lup-20 (29) -en-3-on-28-oic acid (5), betulin (6), lup-20 (29) -en-3-on-28-ol (7), beta-sitosterol (8), n-hexacosanylferulate (9) were obtained. Of which 1 and 2 belong to dolabrane diterpene.

CONCLUSIONCompound 1 is a new compound, and 2 to 9 are isolated from this species for the first time.

Diterpenes ; chemistry ; isolation & purification ; Molecular Conformation ; Molecular Structure ; Plant Stems ; chemistry ; Plants, Medicinal ; chemistry ; Rhizophoraceae ; chemistry ; Squalene ; chemistry ; isolation & purification ; Triterpenes ; chemistry ; isolation & purification

OBJECTIVETo investigate the adjuvant effect of intraoperative and postoperative low-dose ketamine administration to remifentanil consumption in patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) for lower limb fracture.

METHODSA total of 200 patients with lower limb fracture receiving the surgery were randomly divided into 4 groups. In Groups A, B and C, patients received 0.5 mg/kg ketamine infusion under general anesthesia, and ketamine in a dose of 0.1 mg/ kg, 0.05 mg/kg, 0.01 mg/kg per hour continuously for 24 hours after surgery, respectively. The control group (Group D) received an equivalent volume of normal saline only. With 20 microgram/ml remifentanil in normal saline, postoperative PCA was administered with a background infusion at 2 ml/h following 2 ml as a loading dose and 1ml demand dose with a 3-minute lockout period. Remifentanil consumption, 11-point visual analog scale (VAS) scores, global satisfaction score (GSS), and side effects were also recorded by the acute pain service.

RESULTSCumulative PCA remifentanil consumption in Groups A and B were (1378+/-77) microgram and (1531+/-402) microgram, significantly lower than (1807+/-510) microgram and (1838+/-523) microgram in Groups C and D (P<0.01). VAS scores in Groups A and B were significantly lower than those in Groups C and D (P<0.01). In the first 12 hours after operation, GSS was improved (P<0.01). No respiratory depression was observed. No significant difference in side effects was observed among groups.

CONCLUSIONLow-dose ketamine can relieve postoperative pain and moderately decrease remifentanil consumption for PCA, with no obvious side effects of ketamine.

Adult ; Aged ; Analgesia, Patient-Controlled ; Double-Blind Method ; Female ; Fractures, Bone ; surgery ; Humans ; Ketamine ; administration & dosage ; Lower Extremity ; injuries ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Pain, Postoperative ; drug therapy ; Piperidines ; administration & dosage

The hypertension is one of chronic vascular diseases, which often implicates multiple tissues causing stroke, cardiac hypertrophy, and renal failure. A growing body of evidence suggests that inflammatory mechanisms are important participants in the pathophysiology of hypertension. In this study, the inflammatory status of these tissues (kidney, liver, heart, and brain) in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) was analyzed and its molecular mechanism was explored. The tissues were dissected from SHR and age-matched control Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats to investigate the abundance of inflammation-related mediators (IL-1beta, TNFalpha, ICAM-1, iNOS, C/EBPdelta and PPARgamma). mRNA levels were determined by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and protein expression was evaluated by Western blot. To evaluate the oxidative stress of tissues, carbonyl protein content and total antioxidant capacity of tissues were detected by spectrophotometry and ferric reduction ability power (FRAP) method. The results suggest that: (1) Expressions of inflammation-related mediators (IL-1beta, TNFalpha, ICAM-1, iNOS, C/EBPdelta and PPARgamma) in SHR were higher compared with those in WKY rats except no evident increase of IL-1beta mRNA in liver and brain in SHR. (2) Tissues in SHR contained obviously increased carbonyl protein (nmol/mg protein) compared to that in WKY rats (8.93+/-1.08 vs 2.27+/-0.43 for kidney, 2.23+/-0.23 vs 0.17+/-0.02 for heart, 13.42+/-1.10 vs 5.72+/-1.01 for brain, respectively, P<0.05). However, no evident difference in the amount of carbonyl protein in liver was detected between SHR and WKY rats. (3) Total antioxidant capacities of kidney, liver, heart and brain were markedly lower in SHR than that in WKY rats (P<0.05). Thus, the present data reveal a higher inflammatory status in the important tissues in SHR and indicate that inflammation might play a potential role in pathogenesis of hypertension and secondary organ complications.
Animals ; Brain ; metabolism ; pathology ; Cytokines ; genetics ; metabolism ; Hypertension ; pathology ; Inflammation ; pathology ; Interleukin-1beta ; genetics ; metabolism ; Kidney ; metabolism ; pathology ; Male ; Myocardium ; metabolism ; pathology ; Oxidative Stress ; immunology ; RNA, Messenger ; genetics ; metabolism ; Rats ; Rats, Inbred SHR ; Rats, Inbred WKY ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha ; genetics ; metabolism

objective To investigate the epidemiological and molecular typing features of the pathogenic Haemophilus influenzae(H.influenzae)by biotyping,serotyping and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis(PFGE).Methods A total of 273 invasive isolates of H influenzae were collected from the pediatric patients with pneumonia at Chengdu Children Hospital of Sichuan province from 1988 and 2004 to 2007.The idenbfication of H.influenzae strains were done according to the laboratory standard methodology described by Manual of Clinical Microbiology(American).All strains were biotyped according to Kilian's classification with the API[R]NH system.And serotyped by a slide agglutination assay with type a to f specific antlaerum as described by Pittman.PCR method for identification of H.influenzae were performed as described by Falla.One hundred of 273 strains were analyzed by PFGE as described by Saito with some modifications.The resuIts of PFGE were analyzed by Bionumerics soft(Version 4.0,Applied Maths BVBA,Belium).Restilts 78.2%of 273 cases occurred under 1 years old.Eight biotypes were found among the 273 H.influenzae isolates.17.6%(48/273)of all isolates belonged to biotype Ⅰ,43.6%(119/273)were biotype Ⅱ,22.7%(62/273)were biotype Ⅲ,7.3%(20/273)were biotype Ⅳ,5.9%(16/273)were biotype Ⅴ,0.4%(1/273)were biotype Ⅵ,1.8%(5/273)were biotype Ⅶ and 0.7%(2/273)were biotype Ⅷ.respeetively.99.6% of all 273 isolates were nontypeable.There was only one isolate was serotvpe f Ninty-six PFGE genotypes were obtained in this study.One hundred strains demonstrated a variety of genomic Datterns by PFGE.The most isolates of the flame PFGE genotype(type 35)was 3 isolates.Each of93 PFGE genotypes was represented by only a single isolate.The genotypes distribution didn't correlate with the time distribution of the strains were isolated.Conclusion Nontypeable H.influenzae primarily caused acute Dneumoma in children under 1 years old.They mostly belonged to biotype Ⅰ,Ⅱ and Ⅲ biotypes.The nontypeable H.influenzae strains appeared to more heterogeneous patterns by PFGE genotyping.Genotyping may helP understand the molecular characteristics of outbreak and endemicity according to the results of PFGE.PFGE genotyping proved to have a much stronger discriminatory power than either serotyping or biotyping.Our findings suggest that PFGE analysis is useful for the epidemiologieal study of H.influenzae infections.

OBJECTIVETo observe the effect of calorie restriction on the high fat diet rats mRNA expressions of liver forkhead box O1(FoxO1), phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK), glucose-6-phosphatase (G-6-P) and to explore the possible mechanisms.

METHODS24 normal 6-week-old male Wistar rats were randomly divided into three groups: normal chow group (NC, n = 7), high fat diet group (HF, n = 9) and calorie restriction group (CR, n = 8). They were fed for 12 weeks. At the end of the experiment, the rats were sacrificed and their fasting blood glucose (FBG), insulin (INS), triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC) were measured. Their visceral fat (VF) and body weight (BW) were also measured and VF/BW was calculated. Gene expression was investigated by using semi-quantitative RT-PCR methods. Liver histology was studied with HE stained slides.

RESULTSCompared with the NC group, HF group rats developed visceral obesity which was accompanied by higher FBG, plasma INS, TG, and TC. The levels of FoxO1, PEPCK, and G-6-P increased by 18.9%, 33.8%, and 24.6%, respectively (P less than 0.01). Liver steatosis was observed with microscopy. The BW, VF FBG, INS, TG and TC of the CR group rats were lower in comparison to those of the HF group. The levels of FoxO1, PEPCK and G-6-P were lower by 26.6%, 35.0%, 34.3% (P less than 0.01). Meanwhile, liver steatosis was also milder.

CONCLUSIONCalorie restriction can inhibit the expressions of FoxO1, PEPCK and G-6-P, strengthen insulin signal conduction, suppress gluconeogenesis and thus regulate glycometabolism.

Animals ; Caloric Restriction ; Dietary Fats ; Forkhead Transcription Factors ; genetics ; Gene Expression Regulation ; Gluconeogenesis ; genetics ; Glucose-6-Phosphatase ; genetics ; Liver ; metabolism ; Male ; Nerve Tissue Proteins ; genetics ; Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxykinase (ATP) ; genetics ; Rats ; Rats, Wistar

Ultrafine powder and cell wall-broken powder of herbal medicine lack of the morphological characters and microscopic identification features. This makes it hard to identify herb's authenticity with traditional methods. We tested ITS2 sequence as DNA barcode in identification of herbal medicine in ultrafine powder and cell wall-broken powder in this study. We extracted genomic DNAs of 93 samples of 31 representative herbal medicines (28 species), which include whole plant, roots and bulbs, stems, leaves, flowers, fruits and seeds. The ITS2 sequences were amplified and sequenced bidirectionally. The ITS2 sequences were identified using Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST) method in the GenBank database and DNA barcoding system to identify the herbal medicine. The genetic distance was analyzed using the Kimura 2-parameter (K2P) model and the Neighbor-joining (NJ) phylogenetic tree was constructed using MEGA 6.0. The results showed that DNA can be extracted successfully from 93 samples and high quality ITS2 sequences can be amplified. All 31 herbal medicines can get correct identification via BLAST method. The ITS2 sequences of raw material medicines, ultrafine powder and cell wall-broken powder have same sequence in 26 herbal medicines, while the ITS2 sequences in other 5 herbal medicines exhibited variation. The maximum intraspecific genetic-distances of each species were all less than the minimum interspecific genetic distances. ITS2 sequences of each species are all converged to their standard DNA barcodes using NJ method. Therefore, using ITS2 barcode can accurately and effectively distinguish ultrafine powder and cell wall-broken powder of herbal medicine. It provides a new molecular method to identify ultrafine powder and cell wall-broken powder of herbal medicine in the quality control and market supervision.
Cell Wall ; DNA Barcoding, Taxonomic ; DNA, Plant ; genetics ; DNA, Ribosomal Spacer ; genetics ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; analysis ; Phylogeny ; Plants, Medicinal ; classification ; genetics ; Powders ; Quality Control